Harsunan Jamus. Nau'in na Jamus harsuna da yaruka

Turanci ne kunshe a wani tartsatsi da wani babban rukuni kira Harsunan Jamus. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu yi la'akari da shi a daki-daki. Bi da bi, wannan reshe ne wani ɓangare na wani ma fi girma - Indo-Turai harsuna. Wadannan sun hada da, ban da Jamus, da kuma wasu - Bahitte, Indian, Iran, Armenian, Girkanci, Celtic, Roman, Slavic, da sauransu. Indo-harsunan Turai, a cikin irin wannan hanya - a m hadaka.

Duk da haka, muna da sha'awar a cikin iyali na da rarrabuwa. Harsunan Jamus ya kasu kashi da wadannan 2 kungiyoyin: Arewa (in ba haka ba ya kira Scandinavian) da kuma yammacin. Su duka suna da nasu halaye.

Wani lokaci emit Romano-Harsunan Jamus. Wadannan sun hada da Jamus da kuma Romance (dating baya ga Latin).

Yayki West subgroups

The West Jamus hada Dutch, K'abilan Firsi, High Jamus, English, Flemish, Boer, Yiddish.

Ga masu rinjaye na yawan jama'ar Great Britain - Northern Ireland, Scotland da kuma Ingila - kazalika da Amurka, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, shi ne 'yan qasar Turanci. Bugu da kari, shi ne na kowa a Pakistan, India, Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin hukuma hanyar sadarwa.

K'abilan Firsi ne rare a Arewa Sea - An magana da mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin Frislandskie tsibirin. Wallafe-wallafen da shi irin na ta da asali zapadnofrizskie yaruka.

Native harshen to mazauna Austria, Jamus da kuma Switzerland ne High Jamus. Haka kuma an yi amfani da arewacin Jamus, da kasar birane yawan matsayin da wallafe-wallafen. Mutanen kauyen na wadannan yankunan har yanzu magana "platdoyche", ko Low Jamus yare - musamman yare, wanda a tsakiyar zamanai ya harshen. Yana halitta mutãne wallafe-wallafe.

Dutch - 'yan qasar Dutch mutane.

Modern Harsunan Jamus hada Boer, kuma aka sani da "Afirkanci", wanda yake shi ne tartsatsi a cikin Afirka ta Kudu, a manyan ƙasa. A wannan kusa da Dutch da harshen magana Afrikaners, ko Boers - zuriyar mulkin mallaka na Holland da suka gudu da mahaifarsa a cikin 17th karni.

Flemish ne sosai a kusa da shi. Ya ce mutanen na Belgium, arewacin, da kuma Netherlands (a wasu yankunan). Flemish, tare da Faransa a Belgium ne na aikin hanyar sadarwa.

Yiddish - kafa a 10-12 ƙarni, a harshe magana da Yahudawa daga Gabashin Turai. Dalili na - Middle High Jamus yaruka.

Arewa Jamus harsuna subgroup

Duba wadannan Arewa Jamus Harsunan Jamus: Faroese, Icelandic, Norway, Danish, Yaren mutanen Sweden.

Last - 'yan qasar jama'ar na tekun na Finland (wanda ya koma zuwa ga m da, da wakilan da kabilu drevneshvedskih) da kuma Yaren mutanen Sweden mutane. Samuwa a yau yaruka da halaye tsaye a waje gutnichesky, magana da yawan jama'a na tsibirin Gotland. Yaren mutanen Sweden yau kunshi wani rubuta da kuma shirya a daidai da Jamusanci kalmomi a Turanci. Active ƙamus ya ba mai girma.

Danish - 'yan qasar zuwa Danish mutane, wanda shi ma a cikin adabi ga dama ƙarni da hukuma harshen Norway wanda, kamar yadda aka sani, shi ne wani ɓangare na marigayi 14th karni kuma har 1814 wani ɓangare na Danish jihar.

Danish da kuma Yaren mutanen Sweden, kusa a baya, yanzu muhimmanci diverged, wani lokacin su hade cikin wani musamman subgroup na da ake kira vostochnoskandinavskih adverbs.

Norwegian harshe, wanda shi ne 'yan qasar zuwa Norwegian mutane, rarraba a cikin wannan kasar. Its ci gaban da aka jinkirta ƙwarai rinjayi tarihi yanayi a matsayin mazauna jihar da aka tilasta wa rayuwa karkashin mulkin Danes domin kusan shekaru 400. Yau, a wannan kasa akwai wani samuwar Norwegian harshe, kowa da dukan al'umma, bisa ga halaye bautar wani matsayi tsaka-tsaki tsakanin Danish da kuma Yaren mutanen Sweden.

Iceland ta yawan magana Icelandic. Magabatan mazaunan wannan tsibirin kasar sun Norwegians wanda zaunar da su a yankin kamar yadda a farkon lokacin da 10th karni. Icelandic harshe, gwamnatin da kansa domin kusan a Millennium, ya samu wani yawan sabon fasali, da kuma ya rike da yawa daga cikin kaddarorin da suke hali na Old Norse. A daidai wannan lokaci, na zamani hanyar sadarwa na mazauna Fjord Kasar ya rasa da yawa daga wadannan siffofin. Duk wadannan matakai sun kai ga cewa da bambanci tsakanin Icelandic (novoislandskimi) da kuma Norwegian harsuna ne sosai a lokacin.

Faroese wanzu a yau a Faroe Islands, wanda karya zuwa arewa na Shetland Islands. Ya riƙe, kazalika da Iceland da sauran harshen kungiyoyin, abubuwa da yawa daga cikin yaren na kakanninsu - Old Norse, wanda baya karya.

Faroese, Icelandic da kuma Norwegian wani lokacin hade a daya iyali a kan tushen da su asalin. An kira zapadnoskandinavskie harsuna. Amma da hujjojin da yanzu ya nuna cewa, a cikin halin yanzu jihar na Norwegian ne da yawa kusa da Danish kuma Swedish fiye da zuwa Faroese kuma Icelandic.

Farkon bayanai game da Jamus kabilan

Tarihi na Jamus harshen da aka yi karatu a wasu daki-daki, a yau. A farko ambaci Jamus kasance a cikin 4th karni BC. Don samar da bayanai game da su matafiyi ne falaki da geographer Pytheas (Pytheas ko), Girkanci, mazaunin birnin Massilia (wanda a yau ake kira Marcel). Ya sanya game da 325 BC. e. mai tafiya zuwa Amber Coast, located, a fili, a Elbe estuary, kazalika da kudancin gaba na Arewa da kuma Baltic Tekuna. A ta sadarwa Pytheas ambaci guttonov kabilu da kuma Teutons. Su sunayen magana a fili game da abin da data al'umma - haihuwa Jamus.

Posts Plutarch da Yuliya Tsezarya

A gaba ambaci Jamus dauke da sakon da Plutarch, da Girkanci tarihi wanda ya rayu a karni na 1-2 AD. Ya rubuta game da Bastarnae bayyana a kan ƙananan Danube, game da 180 shekaru BC. e. Amma wadannan bayanan ne sosai sketchy, don haka ba ba mu da wani ra'ayi na harshe da kuma hanyar rayuwa na Jamus kabilu. Su, bisa ga Plutarch, ba su sani ba daga kowane dabba husbandry ko kuma aikin noma. The yaki domin wadannan kabilu - kawai kasuwanci.

Yuliy Tsezar shi ne na farko Roman marubucin, ya bayyana Jamus a lokacin farko da shekaru BC. e. Ya ce, da suka dukan rai ne a cikin soja zama da farauta. Sun biya kadan da hankali ga aikin noma.

Details na Pliny da Dattijon

Amma mafi muhimmanci da suke da cikakken bayani game da Pliny da Dattijon, halittu (shekaru na rayuwa - 23-79 BC ..), Kuma Tacitus, da tarihi (shekaru na rayuwa - 58-117 AD ..). A cikin ayyukansu, "Annals" da "Jamus" karshe rahotanni muhimmanci bayanai ba kawai game da halin yanzu rarrabuwa kabilai, amma kuma game da hanyar rayuwa, al'adu, zamantakewa da tsarin. Tacitus bambanta 3 kungiyoyin: istvaeones, Hermione da ingaevones. Pliniy Starshy ma da aka ambata guda tara, amma tana nufin ingaevones Teutons da Cimbri. Wannan rarrabuwa ne, a fili, quite daidai nuna rabo a cikin 1st karni BC. e. Jamus kabilu.

Tsohon Harsunan Jamus: rarrabuwa

A binciken da na rubuta records ba ka damar hada uku subgroups na Harsunan Jamus a farkon tsakiyar zamanai: gothic (Gabas Jamus), Scandinavian (Arewa Jamus) da kuma yammacin Turai.

Don hada da Gabas Jamus Gothic, Vandal kuma Burgundy.

burgundy harshe

Burgundy - harshen baƙi daga Burgundarholma (Bornholm) - Islands a cikin Baltic Sea. Burgundians zauna a kudu-maso-gabashin Faransa a 5th karni, a wani yanki wanda karbi wannan sunan. Wannan tsoho Jamus harshen yau ya bar mana tare da wani karamin yawan kalmomi, yafi dace sunayen.

Vandalic harshe

Vandal - yar bab Vandals wanda zaunar daga baya ta Spain a arewacin Afirka, inda suka bar sunan Andalusia (yau lardin). Wannan harshe, kazalika da burgundy, wakilta, yafi da ta dace sunayen. Daga bisani, da kalmar "vandal" ya zama mai hallakar da darajar al'adu Monuments, da jahili, kamar yadda a cikin 455 na wadannan kabilu washe kuma kama Roma.

Gothic

Gothic harshen buga da mahara Monuments. The most suke dashi - "Azurfa Gungura" - translation na Linjila da Gothic. Kiyaye su 187 da 330 zanen gado na rubutun.

Ancient West Jamus harsuna

West Jamus kungiyar na harsuna wakilta Anglo-Saxon, drevnefrizskim, Old Saxon, Frankish, Old High Jamus. Kowace daga cikinsu yana da halaye.

A karshe na wannan iyali ya hada da wani yawan yaruka. Its mafi muhimmanci Monuments hada da ayoyin 8th karni:

1. sheki - kananan kamus ga rubutu da aka rubuta a Latin, ko fassarorin na mutum kalmomi a Jamus, rubuta a ribace-ribace.

2. fassarorin na addini da kuma na gargajiya adabi ta Notker, a cikin marigayi 10th - farkon 11th karni directed wani sufi makaranta.

3. waka "muspilli" (2 rabin karni 9).

4. "The Song of Ludwig '.

5. "Merseburg lokatai."

6. "The Song of Hildebrand."

Frankish harshe ma yana da dama yaruka. A tarihi, sun zama wani ɓangare na Jamus amma nizhnefrankskogo, ne m na zamani Dutch, Flemish da Boer.

Arewa Jamus kungiyar na harsuna ciki har da Old Norse, Old Norse, Old Norse drevnedatsky da adverbs. Su duka suna da nasu musamman halaye.

A karshe na wannan kungiyar da harsuna wani lokacin kira harshe runiform bugu domin ya ƙunshi cikin jam'i na (game da 150) game da tsawon karnoni n 2-9. e.

Drevnedatsky kuma kiyaye su a game da 9th karni runic Monuments na epigraphy. A total akwai game da 400.

A farko Monuments na Old Swedish ne ma zartar da 9th karni AD. Su ne a Vesteretland lardin da kuma ne inscriptions a kan duwatsu. A total number of runic inscriptions halitta a cikin wannan harshe ya kai 2500.