Haikalin dukan allolin Roma: sunan, photo, description

Game da shi Composed shayari litattafansu na duniya adabi, to shi neman yawon bude ido, wanda ya zo Italiya, ya hoto da ake dauka gida a cikin hotunan da kuma katunan gaisuwa. Located a Roma, da Haikalin dukan gumakan (ko, kamar yadda yanzu ake kira da yi, da pantheon) a lokacin da ta erection aka sadaukar da babban abũbuwan bautawa a Roman Empire. A majestic gini ne daya daga cikin shahararrun Monuments na zamanin d lokaci, sun tsira zuwa yau. Yayin da shekaru wuce, da duniya ta canza, kuma bayan faduwar Empire, a arna Wuri Mai Tsarki da aka tsarkake a matsayin Kirista coci na St. Mary da Shahidai.

Tarihi. A farko pantheon - pantheon na Agaribas

Da farko Haikalin dukan allolin Roma da aka gina tsakanin 27 da 25 BC. Duk da cewa gina da aka za'ayi a kan ƙasa na Roman Empire, sunan Haikalin dukan allolin a Roma zo daga Girkanci kalmomi "kwanon rufi" - "m" da kuma "Theon", wanda fassara a matsayin "Allah". Ya kasance zãɓaɓɓe, yafi ga gumakan Romawa:

• Jupiter - babban abin bautãwa na tsawa, wanda yayi dace da Zeus a Girkanci mythology.
• Neptune - bautãwa tekuna da raurawar asa, da Girkanci da takwaransa - Poseidon.
• Mars - bautãwa na yaki, shi yayi dace da Greek Ares.
• Venus - allahiya na soyayya da kuma kyakkyawa, Aphrodite a Girka.
• Pluto - gunkin da underworld, da Girkanci da takwaransa - Hades.
• Mercury -, Manzo ne daga gumaka, ya zama majiɓinci na 'yan kasuwa da kuma matafiya (Hamisa a zamanin tsohuwar Girka).
• Saturn - titanium lokaci, da Girkanci version - Kronos (Chronos).

Yi management ya hau kan wani kusa aboki kuma a-dokar da sarki, {aramin Marcus Agaribas, kamar yadda evidenced da rubutu liyi tare da tagulla haruffa a kan gini. A farko pantheon aka juya fuska kudu da kuma samun rectangular siffar. Babban ado na Roman pantheon facade sun ginshikan da caryatids - mutummutumai sanye mata, ya sauya shafi na farko ya bayyana a zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Daura da pantheon, a kan kishiyar sashi na square, suka tsaya Haikalin Neptune. A kalla, cewa akwai sifar Haikalin dukan allolin Roma zo mana.

A farko Roman pantheon aka hallaka a wata wuta a arni na farko AD, amma kamar sauran Ibada, da aka gina a zamanin mulkin Domitian, kuma ta rage yanzu located a zurfin game da mita biyu.

A yi na zamani haikalin gumakan a Roma

Mayar karkashin Domitian pantheon Marcus Agaribas karshe an halaka su a lokacin zamanin mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Trajan daga gaskiya cewa shi aka buga da walƙiya, don haka da Sarkin sarakuna Hadrian, wanda ya so ya "wannan wuri mai tsarki na dukan gumakan wakilci duniya da kuma cikin wani sarari suKe Sphere", shi aka gaba daya sāke gina .

Bisa ga alama a kan tubalin daga wanda Haikali hadaddun, ta yi aka za'ayi a cikin farkon rabin karni na biyu AD. Architect sanya daya daga cikin mafi girma da gine-ginen na lokacin, Apollodorus na Damascus, wanda ya jagoranci gina muhimmanci gine-gine (ciki har da Spa da Arc de Triomphe), ba kawai a karkashin Hadrian, amma kuma kafin shi, a karkashin Trajan.

gine-gine da siffofin

Ba kamar da wanda ya riga, da pantheon Apollodorus aka daidaitacce zuwa arewa, da kuma ta girma suna ta ƙara ma. Haka kuma, a cikin wani sabon shiri ga gine-gine da abun da ke ciki an kara zuwa matakai takwas na podium. A ciki sarari na cikin Haikali zai iya saukar da wani Sphere - manufa model na sararin samaniya - 43 mita a diamita. The sosai gine na Haikalin dukan gumakan Romawa nuna misali na tsarin da sararin samaniya. Haikali ganuwar ne lokacin farin ciki isa, da kuma abun da ke ciki dabam tare da tsawo - a kasa su ne mafi yawa, da kuma na sama na su kunshi m kayan.

Hakika, mafi shahara view na facade - a mafi hotuna na Haikalin dukan allolin Roma, za ka iya ganin goma sha shida high ginshiƙai a kan abin da ya dangana da triangular pediment. A cikin pediment akwai guda rubutu a matsayin pantheon na Agaribas. A karkashin pediment akwai ramuka cewa m tagulla image na ikon alama - gaggafa tare da mara tausayi yakan kishi da fikafikai, wanda riqe a cikin baki oak wreath. A yawa na Popular facade na tagulla images of aikin Diogenes Athens daga baya amfani a wurin aiki a kan St. Bitrus Basilica, mutane da yawa a lokaci imani da cewa yi dabbanci.

Pantheon bayan fadowa Empire

Bayan rushewar Roman pantheon tsere halaka kawai saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin 608 AD, aka tuba a cikin wani coci da Paparoma Boniface IV, wanda a shekara daga baya ya keɓe shi a cikin girmamawa St. Mary da Shahidai. Sunan shi saboda da cewa shi aka koma a nan da sauran kaya daga cikin Roman catacombs. Bayan game da shekara arba'in da biyar na Sarkin sarakuna Constans II na Konstantinoful kawo daga tsohon Haikalin dukan gumakan da tagulla kayan ado da gilded tiles, wanda sun maye gurbin gubar kawai bayan kusan karni biyu wadannan ziyarar da monarch na Konstantinoful. Bugu da kari, bayan da pantheon zama Kirista coci, duk abubuwan da arna daba na Romawa, image na allolin Roma, an halaka su. Haikalin da aka gina bagade, akwai sculptures tsarkaka, da frescoes na Littafi Mai Tsarki al'amuran.

A m shekaru, da rabo daga wannan majestic gini, kuma, ya unenviable. Ga wani dogon lokaci ya zauna a cikin kango, kamar a lokacin da Avignon papacy. A wani lokaci ya kasance, a tsakiyar wannan gwagwarmaya tsakanin Roman daraja iyalan Colonna da Orsini, mukaddashin a matsayin sansanin soja.

Wanda aka binne shi a Haikalin duk da gumãkanka?

A Renaissance kawo hadisin don ya binne a cikin manyan Cathedrals na fice mutane daga cikin lokaci. Ba kare shi a jam'iyyar da pantheon, inda suka sãmi karshe wurin hutawarka, da yawa painters na Renaissance, daga gare su, daya daga cikin mafi girma da Masters ya zamanin - Rafael Santi, wanda yake a nan tare da budurwata Maria Bibbienoy, m Baldassare Peruzzi, mawaki Arkandzhelo Korelli.

Ga karya da Italian sarakunan Savoy. A cikin tsohon Haikalin dukan gumakan binne na farko daga cikin sarakunan united Italiya - Victor II na Emannuil, Uba na Country, a matsayin rubutu a kan dutsen kabari. TsarkinSa ya tabbata ya wuya aikin domin amfanin kasar da kuma ta gwagwarmayar ta hadin kai. Ɗan, da kuma magajinsa, da unifier na Italiya, Sarki Umberto aka harbe a 1900, kuma an binne shi a pantheon, kusa da mahaifinsa. Talatin da shida shekaru binne shi a pantheon ya matar Umberto kuma Sarauniya Margherita. A matsara a gidan sarauta burials samar a kan wani na son rai bisa ta wakilan da National Institute of Daraja Guards.

Balaguro din zuwa pantheon

A pantheon iya zo biyu daga shirya yawon shakatawa, misali, a lokacin da wani yawon shakatawa na Roma, kuma tafi a kan nasu, da idanuwan ga zatinsa na zamanin d gine. Ƙofar Haikali ne bude daga tsakiyar tara na safe zuwa rabin da bakwai da yamma, kuma shi ne cikakken free, amma shi ne rufe ga jama'a a kan Janairu 1, May 1, kuma Disamba 25 - a kan wani hutu. Pantheon aka located a Piazza della Rotonda (Piazza della Rotonda). Duk da haka, akwai wani yawan cikakken bayani da cewa dole ne a yi la'akari da lokacin da ziyartar.

Abubuwa to ku tuna a lõkacin da ziyartar pantheon?

Idan wani ya nemi ya ziyarci yayin da a Roma, da pantheon - Haikalin dukan gumakan, ya tuna cewa dole ne kana bukatar ka bi wasu sharudda.

• A pantheon da fari ya zama wani dress code, domin shi ne mai aiki Haikali. Tufafi ya kamata a rufe. A cikin matsananci hali, yana yiwuwa ya kunsa kanta a kusa da daya daga cikin handkerchiefs cikin kwandon daga ƙofar.
• The coci ba zai iya kawo abinci da ruwan sha.
• Tabbata don kashe wayar hannu. Amma a lokaci guda a cikin Haikali, ba za ka iya daukar hotuna da rikodin bidiyo.

ban sha'awa facts

Daya daga cikin manyan bayãnin hukuncin fasali na wani al'adu abu kafin mu shi ne cewa Haikalin dukan allolin a zamanin d Roma shi ne kawai wurin da ya iya tafi da cikakken wani mazaunin birnin da kuma addu'a ga gumakansu. A wani} ir}, saboda kafin wannan haikali ya damar kawai na firistoci.

Kawai sau daya a shekara - a lokacin rani equinox, Yuni 21 - da hasken rana wucewa ta cikin "ido na pantheon" (a zagaye rami a tsakiyar Dome na Haikalin), highlights hada mutane a coci. A sauran kwanaki da rana hasken rana Forms irin "al'amudin", da kuma agogo a nuna haskaka maharibai da mutummutumai da tsarkaka, da mutummutumai da gumakan da aka baya shigar.

A taso siffar babban ɓangare na pantheon, saboda gaskiyar cewa da zarar wannan wuri yana da wani pool, wanda tushe da kuma zama tushe ga haikalin, waɗanda aka gina ta Agaribas.