Solovetsky tsibirin da jan hankali. Yadda za a samu ga Solovetsky Islands, abin da ya gani

Solovetsky Islands ne na musamman da wuri. A kan wani karamin tarin tsiburai a fadar White Sea ya ɓullo da wani musamman na halitta, tarihi da kuma al'adu hadaddun, akwai wani analogues a duniya. The most da kuma arziki a cikin jan hankali ne tsibirin Solovki, wanda na ƙarni aiki sanannen Solovetsky sufi.

yanayi

A tsibirin bayyana 9,000 da suka wuce a daya daga cikin matakai na samuwar White Sea, inda bayan da narkewa na manyan glaciers faru compensatory karfafa gona. 2/3 na dukan tarin tsiburai yanki bautarka Bolshoi Solovetsky Island.

Tarin tsiburai aka located a cikin taiga zone. Musamman picturesque da bambance bambancen wuri mai faɗi da tsibirin: babban tuddai ba da hanyar tabkuna, fadamun - Marshes. 70% na yankin da aka rufe da gandun daji, da farko spruce kuma Pine. Game da 5% na yankin dama a kan tundra gidaje. Dry voronichnye tundra hali na jihar bakin teku sashi inda suke bi da band krivostvolnyh Birch (Birch Tuddan). A cikin tsakiyar ɓangare na tsibirin a wurin cikinsu yake saran da gobara faruwa Birch da Aspen gandun daji. Fadamun a bakin tekun, kuma a tsakiyar tsibirin shagaltar da 0.1-0.2% na jimlar yankin da kuma halin arziki nau'in abun da ke ciki na makiyaya ciyayi. Game da 15% daga cikin tsibiran sa up da fadama da predominance na upland da kuma tsaka jinsunan. Irin wannan fadi da kewayon shimfidar wurare, gabatar a kan wani yanki na game da 300 murabba'in kilomita daya ne daga cikin mafi ban mamaki halitta fasali na Solovetsky tarin tsiburai.

A cikin tsibiran akwai fiye da 550 tabkuna. Sun bambanta a size, siffar, asalin, launi na ruwa, amma duk suna sosai wasan kwaikwayo.

Ina Solovetsky Islands

Solovetsky tarin tsiburai kunshi shida manyan tsibiran da kuma fiye da dari kananan, located in yammacin ɓangare na fadar White Sea a 290 km arewa maso yammacin birnin Arkhangelsk, da cibiyar da Arkhangelsk yankin. A duka yankin na tsibiran ne 300 murabba'in kilomita. Sun hada da tsibirin kamar:

• Solovetsky (Solovetsky Manyan) - 218,72 murabba'in kilomita.
• Anzersky - 47,11 km².
• Mai Muksalma - 18,96 km².
• M Muksalma - 1.2 murabba'in kilomita.
• Big 3ayatsky - 1.25 murabba'in kilomita.
• Kananan Zayatsky - 1.1 km².

labarin

A tarihin Solovetsky Islands fara da ci gaban mutum a cikin Late Mesolithic. A III Millennium BC tẽku dayansu da masunta gano Solovetsky Islands da suka fara ci gaba, wanda dade har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai. Solovki samu da yawa daga kufan tattalin arziki-utilitarian da addini ayyukan: fiye da 20 ƙauyuka, sansanonin da kuma nazarinsa, hudu matsafai a hade tare da tsoho shafukan, da yawa na dutse guda labyrinths, dubban kayayyakin gargajiya.

M mazaunan Solovki tsunduma a takamaiman farauta marine dabbobi da kuma tsibirin lake da gandun daji game, kama kifi, da kuma jihar bakin teku gayya, yin dutse kayan aikin. A filin na tarin shafukan da aka gano kibau, javelins, farauta da gatura, dutse anka, tukwane, musamman wurin hutawa hakowa gatari da kuma wasu abubuwa. A zamanin d mazaunan tarin tsiburai aka tsunduma a cikin shiri na dutse labyrinths, wanda ya gina Wuri Mai Tsarki.

A tushe Stauropegial Solovetsky sufi

Solovetsky tsibirin ya zama wani wuri na sufi da aka kafa a 30s na XV karni zo daga Cyril na Belozersk da Valaam sufi sufaye Savvatii, Jamus da kuma Zosima kamar yadda gidan "Mai Ceto da Chudotvortsa Nikolaya". A lokacin XV-XVI ƙarni. sufi sannu suma, da samun a mahallinsa manyan tsibirin na tarin tsiburai.

By ƙarshen XV karni da Ruhbãnãwa haƙĩƙa sunã da aka gina uku katako majami'u: zato, St. Nicholas da Transfiguration, da yawa na katako Kwayoyin da outbuildings, a kewaye da wani katako, shinge.

A ruhaniya karfi na Rasha Arewa

A tsakiyar karni na XVI sufi shiga wani lokaci na tsanani da tattalin arziki da sake fasalin hade da sunan mazaunin Philip (Kolycheva), kawo canji, m, mai kuzari da kuma talented tattalin arziki. A nan a 1550-1560-ies aka za'ayi na hanya, amma tsibirin da aka kafa ta B. Muksalma "madara yadi" tare da barewa, da 'ya'yan dabbõbi. Don samar da yawan sufi ruwan famfo 52 Lake Solovetsky tsibiran da alaka sha tashoshi. Domin da tsaro a 1582-1594 gg. Yana da aka gina da dutse bango tare da hasumiya, da ƙofofi. Gaske Shelar (Gate) Church aka gina a 1596-1600 gg.

A lokacin XVII karni Solovetsky sufi ci gaba da za a kafa a matsayin administrative, tattalin arziki, ta ruhaniya, da soja, siyasa da al'adu tsakiyar White Sea. A cikin XVIII-XX ƙarni. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wuraren gudun hijira da kuma gidan yari na siyasa laifi.

Soviet zamanin

Bayan juyin juya halin a 1917 ya fara samar da wata sabuwar Rasha. Solovetsky Islands daina zama ruhaniya cibiyar da sufi da aka soke. A watan Afrilu 1920, da Arkhangelsk lardin Hukumar qaddamar da nationalization daga dũkiyõyin sufi. Yana da aka shirya da Office of Solovki tsibiran, kuma a lokaci guda ta shirya farm "Solovki", wanda dade har 1923. The kafa na gona ba ya nufin kawar da zaman zuhudu. Game da 200 sufaye sun farar hula da ma'aikata, da aka shirya da addini al'umma, wanda ayyukan ake dubawa ta Office of Solovki tsibiran.

A Gulag tarin tsiburai

Daga shekarar 1923 zuwa 1939 tsibirin da duk gine-gine na tsohon Solovetsky sufi shagaltar Solovki kurkuku sansanin NKVD (giwa). Shirya a kan tushen da Kholmogory, Pertominskogo da Arkhangelsk, Solovki sansanin ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin Rasha. A abun da ke ciki na da fursunoni a cikin SLON canza a daban-daban sau. Daga cikin su akwai wakilai na Rasha aristocracy, coci, ilimi, duk pre-neman sauyi jam'iyyun siyasa, laifi abubuwa wanda aka yanke wa hukunci na cikin gida da harkokin, wakilan kasa da jam'iyyun siyasa da kuma sauran jama'a.

Daga cikin zaman talala da aka jera a giwa masana kimiyya da kuma artists, marubuta, masu kasida, shugabannin addini na Rasha: farfesa, art tarihi AE Anisimov, ID tarihi Antsiferov kirkiro BA Artemyev, Farfesa SA Askol'dov tarihi BB Bakhtin, da artist IE Braz, zuriyar da Decembrists AB Bobrishchev-Dushkin, mawãƙi MN Crow, ethnographer NN Vinogradov, marubuci 0.B. Bolkiah, tarihi Herman Gordon, da mawãƙi AK Gorsky, Academician DS Likhachev, firist, masanin da kuma lexicographer DA Florensky da sauransu.

Gani na tarihi da kuma al'adu hadaddun

Al'adu da kuma Tarihi gungu na Solovetsky Islands - daya daga wani irin, musamman a cikin mutunci da cikawa na tsira a cikinta was da kuma gidaje, wuraren ibada, da gidaje, tsaro, tattalin arziki, waterworks, hanya cibiyar sadarwa da kuma ban ruwa na da tsarin, kazalika da archaeological sites, Monuments, nuna tsoho da kuma na da domonastyrskuyu tsibirin al'adu. Su sun mayar da hankali a sassa daban-daban na girma tsibirin na tarin tsiburai, amma geographically da kuma tarihi juna, dokoki guda, basa dukan. Its daban-daban aka gyara su ne duk lokaci na tarihi na tarin tsiburai da dukan Rasha ta Arewa.

Bijiro da batun kafa sassa na tarihi da kuma al'adu hadaddun Solovetsky tarin tsiburai ne:

• The sufi-sansanin soja na XV-XX ƙarni., A tsohon zuhudu shiri na XVI-XX ƙarni., Gidajen lama da hamadar XVI-XX ƙarni.;
• Girbe bukka tsibirin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa da kuma ban ruwa tsarin.
• Gidaje "da Haikalina-parking» III-I millennia BC B. Zayatsky Anzersky da kuma tsibiran.
• tunawa da gine-gine Groups Task Solovetsky sansanonin 1923-1939 gg. a cikin kauyen da kuma a kan shafin na wani tubali factory;
• Halitta shimfidar.

Cibiyar na tarihi da kuma al'adu hadaddun na tarin tsiburai ne Solovetsky sufi - cikakke musamman gine-gine gungu. Its yi ne a na ƙwarai monumental, mai haske mutum halayyan da yawa wurare da kuma a lokaci guda amincin dukan sassansa.

sauran abubuwan jan hankali

Archaeological da kuma gine-gine da Monuments, wuraren tarihi da kuma ban mamaki abubuwa an san ga kusan duk na Solovetsky Islands. Gani ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman da ake located a kan wadannan tsibiran:

• Anzersky: Triniti sufi (da XVII), Triniti Church (1880-1884), Golgotha-Crucifixion Skete (XIX).
• Big Zayatsky: Zayatsky (St. Andrew ta) sufi (XVI), dutse Harbor, Stone Harbor (XVI), Church of St. Andrew.
• Mai Muksalma: Sergiev hermitage (XVI), dutse dam, a haɗa Muksalma tare da manyan Solovetsky Island (XIX).

Flora

Labyrinths Solovetsky Islands ne gida zuwa 500 jinsunan shuke-shuke. Daga cikin halitta-yankin gidaje Island yana da wuraren da miyagun kuma rare jinsunan shuke-shuke. Karatunsu, kiyayewa da kuma kayan haɓɓaka aiki na masana kimiyya da hannu. Isa a kan tsibirin, kana bukatar ka kula da gida Flora, a gaskiya tsage m flower iya zama wani rare jinsuna. A bukatar musamman kariya wadannan Flora: Rhodiola rosea, Daphne talakawa, Platanthera bifolia, Orchis hange, Dryopteris namiji, m-Leaved orchis, Siberian Pine, girchovnik arewa, lauzeleuriya recumbent, mustard da sauran Arctic teku.

Coastal ruwan White Sea - daya daga cikin mafi arziki da kuma mafi m Algoflora pool area (inda akwai 160 jinsunan benthic algae).

fauna

A fauna na tsibirin da nagarta daga cikin kayan abinci na Solovki tarin tsiburai da arewacin wuri ba ya bambanta a girma iri-iri na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Biyu da suka jinsunan bayyana a nan godiya mutumin. Wannan reindeer, ya kawo zuwa tsibirin a cikin XVI karni, da kuma muskrat, abin da ya bayyana a nan a cikin 1920s.

Aukaka a cikin yawan jinsunan avifauna na tsibiran. Birds a kan Solovki rubuta kusan 200 jinsunan. Daga cikin su akwai "Red Littafi": fari-tailed mikiya, ungulu, kowa shelduck, a matattu karshen. Na kwarai amfani ne daya daga Turai ta most mazauna na Arctic tern da kuma Rasha ta most mallaka na gulls broody. A mafi girma bambancin da jinsunan kasaftawa Solovetsky Island.

Na marine dabbobi masu shayarwa a ga ~ ar ruwan da na kowa ringed hatimi, beluga Whale, bearded da garaya like. A Coast na tsibirin Anzer maturation kiyaye taro na pinnipeds da kuma yammacin ɓangare na Big Solovetsky Island dace garken fari Whales daga sama zuwa dama da ɗari mutane.

ecotourism

The tarin tsiburai ne na babban sha'awa ga mutanen da suke son yanayi. Ba wai kawai ga ziyartar sanannen sufi na yawon bude ido zo da Solovetsky Islands. Nature jan hankali kuma ma'abutanta da hankali. Abin mamaki bambance bambancen shimfidar damar da wani alkawari daga yankin zuwa yawo a cikin gandun daji, a ji dadin kyau na kore natsuwa da tabkuna, kalla namun daji.

Musamman bays na tarin tsiburai. Beautiful, da yawa kananan tsibiran Long Bay ne na musamman jiki na ruwa, wanda aka sanaki relict Arctic siffofin kwaro, wakiltar kusan rufaffiyar yanayin kasa. Beautiful Triniti Bay, kusan rabin dissecans Anzersky tsibirin.

A yanayin da Solovetsky tarin tsiburai yana da fice a duniya darajar, saboda yana nuna ainihin post-glacial lokaci na yanki tarihi na Arewa, tarihin ɗan adam hulda hada da ban mamaki shimfidar wurare da kuma shi ne mazauninsu na rare jinsunan tsuntsaye da kuma manyan tsuntsu mazauna. Mutane Keen a kan uwar yanayi, shi ne sosai shawarar zuwa ziyarci Solovetsky Islands.

Yadda za a samu to Solovki hunturu

shugabanci na hanya dogara da vagaries na weather da kuma yanayi. A cikin hunturu, da motsi ne sosai iyaka, akwai saba yawon shakatawa a tsibirin ne kawai ta hanyar iska daga Arkhangelsk:

• jirgin sama jirgin sama "Air Nord" (AN-24) tashi daga «Talagi» Airport a ranar Talata da kuma Lahadi. jirgin lokaci - 45 minutes.
• Daga cikin filin jirgin sama "Vaskovo" Jumma'a kamfanin aiki flights "2nd AOAO" (L-410).

Yadda za a samu zuwa tsibirin a lokacin rani

Tare da ingantattun yanayin yawan zabin zuwa ziyarci Solovetsky Islands ƙaruwa muhimmanci. Yadda za a samu da tarin tsiburai a spring da kaka mukalli. Bugu da kari ga flights daga Arkhangelsk, bude da kuma hanyoyi na Karelia a wannan lokaci.

Daga cikin yankuna don tafiya zuwa Arkhangelsk shawarar da jirgin sama ko jirgin kasa. Ga motocin gida hanyoyi za su zama ainihin kalubale. Kamar yadda a cikin hunturu, to Solovki, za ka iya samun iska. Voli «Talagi» Airport (NordAvia) da za'ayi a ranar Talata, ranar Asabar da Lahadi. Daga "Vaskovo" (2nd AOAO) - a kan Monday, da Laraba, Juma'a kuma ranar Asabar.

A mafi romantic hanyar - shi ne don samun jirage a kan Solovetsky Islands a Karelian garin Belomorsk da Kem. A yankunan da Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg a cikin birni za a iya isa ta jirgin kasa Murmansk. Daga cikin ginshiƙin gada Rabocheostrovsk (Kem) kullum ze tashi jiragen ruwa don Solovki "Blizzard" da "Vasiliy Kosyakov". jirgin "Sapphire" Ai daga Belomorsk. A tsibirin ma ply "kogin taksin" - kananan jiragen cewa kawo mahajjata da mutum yawon bude ido. Jirgin sama da kuma jiragen sama da fasinjoji zuwa babban tsibirin - Solovetsky.