Tafiya, Kwatance
Gostiny Dvor a Rasha. Nunin a Gostiny Dvor
Gostiny Dvor Rasha, kazalika da dukan da cinikayya, da na ƙwarai tarihi na asalin da kuma ci gaba. A farkon nau'i na barter wani "shiru ciniki", wanda ya kunshi a gaskiyar cewa mahalarta a cikin ma'amala ba fuskantar jũna. "Silent cinikayya" shi ne hali da mutane da yawa, mafi yawansu duk, domin duk, amma babu wani tarihi da shaidar ta real zama a cikin ƙasa na Rasha. A farko ambaci cinikayya a Rasha ne 8-9 ƙarni.
A farko a Rasha kantuna
Abubuwan da ake bukata ga zargin Gostiny Dvor
A Novgorod, wanda ya riƙi wani abu matsayi a matsayin kasuwanci da tattalin arziki cibiyar bayan da dilapidated Kiev, shopping yankunan bayyana qware jerin irin Vetoshny, kama kifi ko garkuwa. A XII karni na cibiyar, bada cinikayya kome - kudi, shugabanci, mũdu da sikẽli, shi ne Moscow. Gostiny Dvor ba tukuna zama, a wani ɓangare na da rawar ne da za'ayi na coci, su ne dama can a kan square - a cikin ginshiki na adana kaya a ƙofar, suna auna. A Moscow, cewa lokaci ne da yawa shagunan, amma su ne a duk mutunta baya zuwa kantuna na kasashen Turai. Su kananan size ne kai tsaye related to da aikinsu da kuma haraji. A mafi m cinikayya a Moscow a XIV-XV ƙarni aka za'ayi a kusa da birnin Moscow River gada. A ƙasa bautarka wata babbar - a nan su ne m, tsakiya, babba layuka da kuma da yawa daga cikin sosai kananan kadan shagunan.
M Gostiny Dvor
Moscow ƙone sau da yawa, da kuma bayan wata wuta a 1493 fitina daga cikin Kremlin, 'yan kasuwa da ba su da yankin a nan gaba Red Square. A nan a Ilyinsky sacrum (a tsaka-tsaki na shopping titunan kayayyaki da aka gudanar musamman aiki) a farkon na XVI karni da kuma aka gina ta farko a Rasha katako Gostiny Dvor.
waje gaban
Saboda haka, a cikin manyan shopping cibiyoyin Rasha (Moscow, Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Tula) sun dogon wanzu Dutch da kuma Jamus ciniki yadudduka, Armenian da kuma Yahudawa, "anglitsky" da kuma Greek. Yana ne irin wannan irin garu yankunan - yankin da aka kewaye da wani karfi shinge, watchtowers kasance dole saboda dukiya da yawa, da suka yi da za a kare. A cikin tsakar gida yankunan sarrafa tsarin na kudade da kuma haraji, wanda, a gaskiya, gudanar da kyautata da kuma fadada su.
Independent tsarin naúrar
Don bi da kaya mutane gina gidãjensu - m gidaje, da fee ga masauki wanda ya bambanta m - polavochnaya da izbnaya. Wadannan shopping cibiyoyin da aka gina a kan wannan manufa: shi yana zuwa da za a mayar da hankali a duk wajibi ne don gudanar da wani wholesale cinikayya a manyan kuri'a.
The bayani dalla-dalla na gine-gine
Su aka rufe da guda gallery warehouses, kuma suka gina, yafi a cikin yankin na kewaye, ya gabatar da wani gidan kashe ahu ko, mafi wuya, da colonnade (Kostroma yadi). Mafi sau da yawa, galleries, shagunan hada da barns aka gina a biyu benaye. Akwai yi nagartacce. Alal misali, wani benci size kai biyu yadudduka a tsawon, shi polulavka halitta ya sau biyu kasa. Akwai sun kasance, duk da haka, departing daga kafa girma - wannan shi saboda da bayani dalla-dalla na wasu kayayyaki. Kwantena a warehouses da manufar ya kiyaye wannan rana - shi ne mai akwatin da kuma "babban jaka" ko "nosiltsy". Abubuwa kamar takalma, kiyaye a kan mashaya da shida. Wani lokaci daya ma'ajiya shared 'yan kasuwa, da kuma wani lokacin a rahama bai wa dukan tsakar gida wurin zama. Moscow, Novgorod da Tula sani irin misalai.
Ayyuka a matsayin tushen kara fadada
Wipers kamata ba kawai tsabta da kuma kyau - su yi cajin da ka ga barns aiki (granary), dukan gabatarwa (izbnye) da kuma polavochnye haraji. Akwai wasu irin aikinsu - zai iya daukar rahamar wasu iri kudade ko ga cinikayya tare da seleji ko jirgin jirgin biya "juya tarin."
bambancin m
Special wanzu ga kasashen waje da ciniki dokoki. Saboda haka, a cikin XV karni a Novgorod Jamus yan kasuwa da aka yarda ne kawai sau biyu a shekara, a kan wani da-tsare lokaci ya sadar da dukiya. Ko sa'an nan, da sarakunan tsaya tsare kan bukatun gida kera. A yankuna na kasashen waje cinikayya kotuna, kazalika da ofisoshin jakadancin, sarrafa da kansa dokoki, da kuma Prince of Novgorod da bãbu wani hakki na sa baki. Amma (mai yiwuwa) san gida 'yan kasuwa da aka ko ta yaya matsahi na saba da kayayyakin, musamman tare da su sabon gyare-gyare, wannan ya kamata ya yi sha'awar a Gostiny Dvor. Nunin ko wasu samfurori zai yi zama a yankin ƙasarta, dangane da wanda zai faru wadannan ma'amala.
Daya daga cikin muhimman masana'antu
musayar ƙarni
Wannan ma'aikata ne almara, babbar sha'awa da kuma tabbatacce feedback za a iya ji quite sau da yawa. A kasar, akwai wani gini albarku a kan na karshe yan shekaru. Yanzu an gina wani yawa na asali, wadanda ba misali gine-gine domin dalilai daban-daban. Amma na zamani tsakar gida wurin zama a cikin Tula ya iya tsayawa fitar da wannan bango. Kamar yadda a zamanin da, shopping yankunan sun kasance mayar da hankali na birni rai, wani wuri inda za su iya saduwa da su al'adu da kuma yau da kullum da bukatun, wanda ya nemi abin da townspeople, da kuma a yau a birnin hukumomin gudanar da gina wata cibiyar da za su iya goyon tulchan, tilasta su su bar ganuwar gidajensu kuma ziyarci saboda wasu dalilai, "Gostiny Dvor". Tula shekara biyu a matsayin babban bikin bude wani babban shopping da kuma nisha hadaddun, wanda shi ne, a gaskiya, a birnin tare da kansa tsarin. Bugu da kari zuwa 150 shagunan, 6-allon cinema, da yawa cafes da kuma gidajen cin abinci, gyms, fitness cibiyoyin, shagon na gyaran gashi, a can ne aka bayar da gabatarwa domin rajista na aure da hali na m bukukuwan aure. Duk abin da ake bukata domin zamani mutum, zai iya samar da Tula "Gostiny Dvor". Nune-nunen da aka gudanar a duk irin cibiyoyin ana shirya a wani kyakkyawan nuni zauren.
A mafi mashawarta rai kasar yadi
Hakika, ko da kuna hukunta da sunan, shi ya cancanci musamman kalmomi "Big Gostiny Dvor", wani abin tunawa daga Rasha tarihi da kuma gine na XVIII karni, a karkashin UNESCO kariya. Juna biyu ko a karkashin Elizabeth, aka gina shi ta hanyar Rastrelli umurnin 1758 a kan "gindi" na Nevsky Prospekt da Sadovaya Street.
Construction da aka za'ayi da Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe. Yana dade daga 1761 zuwa 1785. Tun da aka kafa, manyan wurin zama yadi suka fara wasa da wani makawa rawa a tabbatar da rayuwa na St. Petersburg. Don shi, kamar yadda wani muhimmanci na musamman ga Arewa babban birnin kasar makaman, na farko da aka gudanar gas lighting. A duk shekara ba ta zama an maimaita mayar, kuma zuwa ga gyara da kuma maido da mafi kyau artists, restorers da kuma gine-ginen da Tsarist kuma Soviet Rasha. A cikin 1886-1887 ta, NL Benoit mayar Gostiny Dvor.
Petersburg musamman alfahari da wannan gini da kuma rairayin bakin teku. A cikin kwanaki na kewaye da tsaro tare da sauran addini gine-gine na Arewa babban birnin kasar. A cikin shekaru 1945-1948 Gostiny Dvor aka mayar da gane a matsayin gine-gine abin tunawa. Bayan na gaba overhaul, da za'ayi a cikin 1955-1967 shekaru, 167 mutum Stores cewa wanzu a cikin iyaka yanki, shiga a cikin tsakiyar sashen na birnin da ake kira "Gostiny Dvor". Domin duk gyare-gyare na ginin da aka yi wa ado - da richly ado main ƙofar, sa'an nan ya kara sabon stained-gilashi windows da marẽmari. Tun shekara ta 1994, sashen kantin sayar da ya zama wani hadin gwiwa stock kamfanin, da kuma ginin yanzu nasa ne da ma'aikatar al'adu.
Petersburgers ne sosai m da kuma alfahari da su "ɗakin barci." Da karkararta ne a zamanin yau sanya ba kawai kowane irin shopping malls, wanda aka kullum ziyarci da har zuwa 300 000 abokan ciniki daga ko'ina cikin duniya, amma kuma da gida na high fashion, mãdalla da wuraren ga zanga-zanga da daban-daban farfado. Nunin a Gostiny Dvor yau sauti kamar wani abu domin ba - da kyau, inda shi ne, ba a can?
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