Disamba haddin shari'a: Sanadin kuma Sakamako

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1905, rukuni na farko na rukuni na Rasha ya kai ga ƙarshe. Wannan tashin hankali ya tashi a Moscow. Guerrilla yaƙi a birni ya makonni biyu. Bugu da} ari, akwai tarzoma a wa] ansu garuruwan} asar. Kodayake, tawayen Moscow, wa] anda suka kamu da cutar, sun kasance da yawa. Bayan wannan nasara, gwamnatin tsarist ta dauki mataki a hannunsa kuma ta dakatar da juyin juya halin na 1905-1907.

Dalilai da zato

Shahararren watan Disambar da aka yi garkuwa da makamai ya fara ne saboda sakamakon da suka faru. Shahararrun sanarwa na Oktoba 17 an riga an riga an karbe shi, wanda ya ba kasar wata 'yanci kuma ya kafa majalisar. Duk da haka, rashin tausayi daga cikin jama'a ya ci gaba. Disamba 4, 1905 a Moscow, taron taro na majalisar wakilai na ma'aikata. Ranar da ta gabata, an yi tashin hankali a kan tashar Rostov da aka ajiye a babban birnin. Sojoji sun bukaci abinci mai kyau, daftarin aikin haruffa da aka dakatar da su, da dai sauransu. Dangane da yanayin wannan taron, mutane da yawa ma'aikata sun fara yakin. Masu zanga-zangar Moscow sun taru don tsara aikin. A saboda wannan dalili ne aka shirya majalisar.

Tsakanin tsakiyar watan Disambar da aka yi garkuwa da su a Moscow ya kasance a Makarantar Fiedler a kan Chistye Prudy. A nan ne Soviet na wakilai na ma'aikata suna zaune kuma an shirya taro na Bolshevik a nan. Da maraice na rana ta biyar, wakilai na ma'aikata da masana'antun kamfanoni suka fara zuwa makarantar. Dukansu sun yi magana da goyon baya ga aikin. Duk da haka, akwai matsalolin da yawa tsakanin magoya bayan juyin juya hali. Akwai karancin makami, kuma tasirin jam'iyya a sansanin Moscow sun kasance marasa ƙarfi. Duk da haka, akwai karin masu goyon baya a cikin Bolsheviks fiye da masu shakka. Mensheviks sun dauki shawara mai mahimmancin ranar da ta gabata. Sun bayar da shawarwarin da aka kara da tashin hankali. Ko da bayan farkon tashin hankali, sun shiga aikin ba tare da tsararru ba.

Daga cikin 'yan Socialist-Revolutionaries a farkon kwanaki na Disamba ya ci gaba da jayayya. Matasa daga cikin manyan mashahuran (Vladimir Mazurin, da sauransu) sunyi umurni da ayyukan da suka fi dacewa. Ƙwararrun masu tayar da hankali (Viktor Chernov da Evno Azef) sun yi imanin cewa tashin hankali ba zai yiwu ba. A ƙarshe, SRs ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a kan halin da ake ciki kuma jira don sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru. A halin yanzu, tashin hankalin da aka yi a watan Disamban bara ya kusacewa.

Yajin

Disamba 7, 1905, ya fara abubuwan da ke faruwa a watan Disamba. A wannan rana, an gabatar da zanga zangar siyasa a Moscow. Da farko dai, kwamiti na Soviet na wakilai na ma'aikata ya jagoranci jagoran aikin. Birnin, wanda ya kasance gida ga fiye da mutane miliyan, ya fara canzawa a gaban idanunmu. Yawancin masana'antu sun dakatar da ayyukansu, wutar lantarki ta dakatar, shaguna sun rufe, tarukan sun tashi. A rana ta farko, Muscovites sun watsar da dukkan masu lissafi: babu wanda ya san tsawon lokacin da ake fuskantar rikice-rikicen da ba'a damu ba kuma hukumomi zasu ci gaba.

An rufe makarantu da wasan kwaikwayo, jaridu sun daina bayyana (Izvestia na Moscow Moscow ya zama banda). Babu jiragen isa ko ya tafi. An yi amfani da titin St. Petersburg-Moscow ne kawai, sojoji ne ke aiki. Da maraice gari ya shiga duhu. Majalisar ta dakatar da hasken fitilu. Disamba 10 a cikin bakeries sun gama gurasa.

A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, yawan 'yan wasan na Moscow sun kai 150,000 (50,000 fiye da ranar farko). Yanayin da ke faruwa a cikin gari ya zama bazawa. Da yamma, 'yan sanda sun dakatar da dubban tarurruka na juyin juya halin a cikin lambun "Ruwan Kayan ruwa". Ma'aikatan tsaro sun bukaci a ba da makamin su kuma suka fara kama mutane. Yawancin masu zanga zanga sun bace. A sakamakon haka, aikin 'yan sanda ya kasa, kuma fushin mutane kawai ya karu.

Rundunar 'yan tawaye ta watan Disamba ta fara samo irin wannan hali na makamai a ranar 9 ga watan 9. Wata rukuni na 'yan bindigar SR sun kai hari ga sashin tsaro, wanda ke cikin Gnezdnikovsky Lane. 'Yan harin sun jefa bom guda biyu. Wadanda aka kai harin sun kai mutane 3.

Fara jini

Da maraice na Disamba 9, watan Disamban da ya gabata, tashin hankali ya haifar da sababbin abubuwan da suka faru. A kan Strastnaya Square, 'yan bindiga sun harbe masu zanga-zanga a zanga-zangar (Maxim Gorky, wanda ke cikin birni, ya ambaci sashin jini a ɗaya daga cikin haruffa). Na farko da aka fara fitowa a kan Tverskaya Street. An yi su da sauri, don su kulla hanyoyi na sojan doki, saboda haka ba su daɗe. Duk da haka, ko da yake har yanzu ya zama sananne ga kowa da kowa kafin a kawo karshen zaman lafiya a karshe ya zama makamai masu linzami.

A wannan maraice, an yi amfani da bindigogi a kan 'yan juyin juya hali na farko. Gidan hedkwatar, wanda ke cikin makarantar Gida ta ainihi, kusan mutum 500 ne. Rundunar 'yan tawaye sun kewaye gine-ginen kuma sun bukaci jama'a su mika kayan makamai. An ba da wannan hari a cikin sa'a guda daya. A ƙarshen wannan lokacin, masu gadin sun kori sojojin kuma suka bomb da su da boma-bamai. A amsa, shelling ya fara. 5 mutane aka kashe, 15 wasu sun ji rauni. An kama 100 rioters. Su aka aika zuwa Butyrskaya kurkuku. Duk da haka, mafi yawan waɗanda suka taru a makaranta sun tsira.

Barricades a tituna

Wannan canji ga Moscow shi ne dare na 10 Disamba. A cikin birni ya fara tayar da hanzari na bargonades. Social Democrat sun goyi bayan wannan shirin. Bolsheviks da Mensheviks sun bayar da umarnin hadin gwiwar Majalisar Tarayya ta RSDLP. Littafin da ake kira barricades kuma ya taru a gaban sansanin domin ya jawo hankalin sojoji a gefensu.

Kufaifan da aka gina gaggawa masu zanga-zanga da aka yi daga tarho da kuma haske sandunan, gidan-ƙõfar, felled itatuwa, da ganga, kwalaye da kuma Sanarwa posts. A dabi'a, ba za su iya ba, tare da cikakken tabbaci, kare masu cin zarafin wuta. Duk da haka, makamai ba wai kawai sun hana yunkurin motar dakarun gwamnati ta gari ba, amma kuma yana da mummunan tasiri a kan jami'an tsaro da kuma sojoji, da kaddamar da tsoro a cikinsu. Sun nuna cewa tashin hankalin da aka yi a watan Disamba a Moscow bai kasance ba ne. Gishiri, an rufe shi a waya, wanda aka rufe da dusar ƙanƙara da ruwa mai cika ruwa ya zama gashin kankara.

A cewar kimanin kiyasta, an gina garuruwa 1500. Amma kawai 'yan daruruwan su ne suka gina su, wadanda suka fahimci harkokin kasuwanci. Bugu da} ari,} ungiyoyin ta Moscow sun tuna da irin abubuwan da suka faru na zamanin juyin juya halin 1848 da kuma garuruwan da ke birnin Paris (wannan lokacin ne lokacin da kalmar "barricades" ta samo asali).

Ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda

Wannan boren da aka yi a Moscow ya kasance babban mawuyacin hali, amma menene dalilin dalilan da aka yi na juyin mulkin Disamba? Halin kuskuren masu juyin juya hali shine cewa basu da kyakkyawan tsari na aiki. Babu wanda ya jagoranci Moscow a watan Disamban da ya gabata, yana tayar da hankali a cikin ma'anar kalmar. Bayan da sojojin suka ci makarantar Fidler, babban taro ya ɓace.

Daga farkon kwanakin adawa, 'yan bindiga sun mallaki yankunan da ke kusa da garin, inda masana'antu, masana'antu da dai sauransu suka kasance. Anyi zaton cewa masu tsaro zasu sannu a hankali zuwa Kremlin, sannan su kama shi, za su ba da ra'ayi kan hukumomi. A cikin Simonovo Sloboda, Presnya da wasu wurare, "'yan Republican" sun tashi. Halin da suke cikin su ya kasance daga cikin masu juyin juya hali. Waɗannan '' '' '' '' '' '' ' Ranar 10 ga watan Disamba, Majalisar Dattijai ta Moscow ta ba da jagorancin jagorancin 'yan gwagwarmaya zuwa Soviets na yanki, tun da yake dangantakarta da ƙauyuka ta birni ya kasance mai rauni da rashin amfani.

The "Suppressors" na juyin juya halin

Bayan 'yan kwanaki kafin tashin hankali, Gwamna-janar na Moscow ya nada Mataimakin Admiral Fedor Dubasov. Dan shekaru 60 ya zama sananne a lokacin Russo-Turkish War a 1878-1879. Duk da haka, bayan wannan kamfani, ba a rarrabe jami'in da wani abu mai ban mamaki ba. A shekara ta 1905, a farkon farkon juyin juya hali, ya shiga tsakani na kawar da 'yan adawa a cikin yankunan tsakiya.

Gwamna Janar Dubasov Nicholas II ya ba da godiya ga jagoran Sergei Witte. A lokacin da aka dauki ofishin, sojojin sun yi alkawarin kada su yi watsi da mawuyacin halin da ake ciki a yaki da juyin juya hali. Saboda haka ya yi aiki a cikin watan Disambar 1905, ya zama 'yan tawaye babban nauyin aikin tsarist. Dubasov ba ta bambanta da fadin tunanin siyasa ba. Ya kasance mai zanga-zangar kuma ya gaskata cewa juyin juya halin ya taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa.

Tsayar da tashin hankali na Moscow a watan Disamba ba zai faru ba tare da gwamnan Moscow, Vladimir Dzhunkovsky. Kocin mai shekaru 40 ya zama babban kwamandansa ga Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, wanda ya mutu a farkon 1905 sakamakon sakamakon ta'addanci a kan Red Square. Idan aka kwatanta da Dubasov, ya kasance mai sauƙi kuma mai karfi. Yayin da ake tayar da shi, Djunkovsky ya tsira da yawa daga cikin gwagwarmaya.

Lambar da arsenal na 'yan tawaye

Masu tarihi ba su da cikakken bayani game da yadda 'yan juyin juya halin yaki da yawa suka jagoranci tashin hankali a watan Disamba a Moscow zuwa tituna na farko mai tsarki See. A takaice dai, bisa la'akari da raƙumomi daban-daban a farkon tashin hankali, yawan mutanen da suka kai harin ne mutane 1,700. Yayin da ake fuskantar rikici, wannan adadi ya kai 8,000. Don taimaka wa abokansu-makamai, abokan hulɗa daga garuruwan kusa da Moscow sun zo Moscow: Kolomna, Mytishchi, Perova, Lyubertsy.

An raunana 'yan bindiga-da] in da dama, a cikin manyan magunguna. Akwai 'yan wasa na musamman: Bolshevik, Socialist-Revolutionary, Menshevik, Caucasian, dalibi, typographic, railway, da dai sauransu.' Yan tawayen Arming sun bar abin da za a so - shi ne ya fi kyau ga ammunonin sojojin gwamnati. A mafi yawan bangarori, 'yan tawaye sun shiga yakin basasa, da bindigogi, da bindigogi. Mafi kyawun jin dadi da makamai masu guba, wanda ake kira "Macedonians".

Mutane da yawa daga cikin masu gadin sunyi mummunan makircinsu. Ba kamar masu sana'a ba, ba su da kwarewa sosai. Yayin da aka yi juyin mulki a watan Disambar da ta gabata a Moscow, mafi yawan masu juyin juya hali suka koya wa 'yan uwansu yadda za su harba har wasu muhimmancin basira. Duk da haka, masu tayar da hankali ba su kula da ƙarfafa waɗannan darussa ba.

Tarihin fitina

A cikin "kwanaki masu zafi" na Disamba 10-19, tashin hankali na watan Disamba, a takaice dai, ya kasance yaki mai guba. Wannan lamari ne mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya ƙunshi babban adadin bayanai. Ayyuka na bangarorin biyu suna nuna halin rikice-rikice da rikicewa, wanda ba zai iya haifar da mutuwar mutanen fararen hula ba. Ya kamata a lura cewa a farkon kwanaki 'yan ƙasa na Moscow, idan ba su nuna tausayawa da' yan bindigar ba, akalla sun kasance da rashin amincewarsu. Duk da haka, lokacin da rikici ya fara janyewa, mutane da yawa sunyi rawar jiki tare da zub da jini.

Ranar 10 ga watan Disamba, abubuwan da suka fi ban mamaki sun faru a tsakiyar birnin. A kan titin Kalanchevskaya da Tverskaya Street akwai kisan kashe mutane. Dubban dubban mutane masu aiki na ma'aikatar Trehgornaya sun kori Cossacks daga Presnya. A ranar 11 ga watan Disambar 11, yakin ya yadu a fadin gari. A watan Disambar Disamba, tashin hankali ya fara shiga. A ranar Dubasov, daga 12th day, bincike na duk wani mai wucewa-by waɗanda aka kama a kan titi bayan 18 hours da aka halatta. Babban abin da ya faru a wannan ranar shine yaƙin Pyatnitskaya, kusa da gidan bugawa Sytin (ginin da aka ƙone a ƙasa).

An umarci 'yan kasa su rufe ƙofofin gidajen don kada' yan juyin juya hali su tsere. Mutanen da suka fita a kan titi da yamma ko daren sun sami lafiya na har zuwa 3,000 rubles ko aka kama su tsawon watanni uku. Ana iya kashe mutum saboda lalacewar layi da layin waya. A sakamakon wadannan kuma wasu matakan, hukumomi sunyi nasara wajen tsoratar da mazauna da kuma dakatar da ci gaba da rikice-rikicen mutanen Moscow.

Yawancin masu juyin juya halin da suka kasance a cikin tarihin Moscow sun zama magoya bayan farfagandar kasa a zamanin Soviet. A daidai wannan lokuta a cikin lokaci, halayen 'yan Socialist-Revolutionaries da Mensheviks sunyi damuwa kuma sun manta da gangan. Duk da haka, a 1905, duk abokan hamayya na tsarist iko sun nuna nuna biyayya ga ka'idojin su. Ayyukan al'ajabi suna tunawa da mata. Daga cikinsu akwai 'yan'uwa maza da mata na ma'aikata, dalibai har ma wasu daliban motsa jiki. 'Yan matan sun ba da taimako na farko ga wadanda aka raunata kuma sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar abinci ga masu tsaro.

Aikin Petersburg

Ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, an sake rushe birni a cikin motar wuta. Saboda haka, tashin hankalin da aka yi a Moscow ya ci gaba da haskakawa. Rahotanni na ba da rahoto ga St. Petersburg a jihar na tsohuwar birnin, Dubasov ya ci gaba da ƙara matsa lamba ga masu tayar da hankali. Ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, yakin basasa ya ci gaba kusa da Prokhorov Manufactory on Presnya. 14 da 15 daga cikin lamarin ba su daina ba, amma a wancan lokaci ne alamun farko na gaskiyar cewa ƙungiyoyin sun gajiya da yakin guerrilla. Wannan tashin hankali ya fara raguwa kuma yanzu ya ci gaba da yin amfani da shi.

Kodayake zub da jini ya faru a Moscow, an yanke hukuncin da aka yi a St. Petersburg. A cikin babban birnin kasar, an shirya wani yajin aiki, inda 130,000 mutane suka shiga. Duk da haka, a St. Petersburg, abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali sun fara komawa kafin Moscow. A sakamakon haka, mazauna birnin a kan Neva ba zasu iya tallafa wa 'yan tawayen a babban birnin kasar ba.

Kafin yakin basasa, shi ma ya kasa kasa saboda hukumomin sun gudanar da kama-karya na Social Democrats da Socialist-Revolutionaries a gaba. Masu lura da umarnin sun kori taron, inda aka samar da jariri. 'Yan sanda sun gano kimanin fasinjoji 500. Duk wannan arsenal a St. Petersburg ba a taɓa amfani dasu ba. A yawancin al'amurra, saboda rashin nasarar juyin juya hali na babban birnin kasar, harin da aka yi a Moscow a watan Disamban bara ya yi nasara. Wani jinkirin dan lokaci ga kotun sarauta yana da isasshen aikawa da goyon baya ga birnin tawaye a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba. A wancan lokaci a Moscow akwai wasu hotuna biyu na juyin juya halin - Kazan Railway da Presnya. Akwai mayaƙan sojoji kuma sun taru.

Rushewar Presnya

Lokacin da tsakiyar watan Disambar da aka yi garkuwa da su a Moscow ya kasance a makarantar Fidler, kuma tarzomar ta kai matsananciyar matsala, Nicholas II ta ci gaba da tafiyar da harkokin siyasa. Bisa ga umarninsa na ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekarar 11, yawancin masu jefa kuri'a ya karu, wanda aka yi la'akari da murya a zaben a jihar Duma (bayan gyarawa da dama ma'aikata da ƙananan kamfanoni sun sami damar jefa kuri'a). A lokaci guda kuma, an yarda dakarun da wuta su yi wa 'yan tawaye wuta.

Disamba 15 a Moscow daga babban birnin kasar zo Guards Semenov rajimanti. Kashegari, aiki ya fara janye Presnya daga masu tsaro. A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli, an kawar da karshe na juriya. Ranar da ta wuce, dakarun sun matsa wa Kazan Railway. Mutane da dama sun harbe su ba tare da fitina ba. Abin haushi a bangarorin biyu ya kai iyaka. An kori 'yan bindigar a bayansu, kuma an yanke hukuncin kisa ba tare da kullun ba. Sojojin gwamnatin da suka tsabtace Presnya sun jagoranci kwamandan Semenovsky, Georgy Ming, wanda wani rukuni mai suna Ladozhsky ya shiga. Tsayayyar 'yan tawaye sun kasance da damuwa. Kowane gida ya kamata a karɓa ta hadari. Wutar da ta shafe kan Presnya ranar 17 ga watan Disamba ya haskaka dukkanin Moscow.

Cibiyar gwagwarmaya ta sojojin shine Prokhorovskaya Trekhgornaya Manufactory. A can ne ya bar sauran masu rinjaye na Moscow. Sun haɗu da nauyin "Bear". Don haka magoya bayan sun kira SR Mikhail Sokolov. Bayan karshen wannan tashin hankali, mutane 200 sun kare lafiyarta.

Komawa

Tare da isowa daga reinforcements a cikin babban birnin kasar Moscow, ya bayyana cewa jima ko daga baya a ci Disamba m tawaye. Karshen kwanan wata yãƙi, wadda ta zo tare kusan dukan masana tarihi - 21 Disamba. Wani 15 na farko sun yanke shawarar dakatar da turjiyar da Mensheviks. Sa'an nan ya kira a kan magoya bayansa su ajiye makamai da kuma Socialist-yunkuri da Bolsheviks.

Tarayyar likitoci suka yi aiki a cikin birnin a cikin kwanaki daga cikin mafi tsananin fadan, an kiyasta cewa, rikicin ya yi sanadiyar rayukan kadan fiye da 1 dubu mutane. , Inda suka kashe 86 yara da 137 mata. Mutane da yawa daga cikin wadanda aka sace fararen hula da kuma ba ruwansu. Sojojin rasa a kashe mutane 28, 'yan sanda - 36 mutane.

Ba da da ewa bayan da danniya tawaye yana da Kirsimeti. Moscow kãma festive fuss. Mafi yawa daga cikin mazaunan kokarin da sauri zuwa manta game da abin da ya faru da kuma komawa zuwa farar hula. Yana hankali ya zama wani ɓangare na tarihin Disamba m tawaye. Sanadin rikici da kuma sakamakon sanya da magoya bayan juyin juya halin da raunana su da ayyukan. A tawaye ya ganiya aya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na 1905-1907. Wannan ya biyo ta jama'a dauki. Bugu da ƙari, cikin Socialist-yunkuri, da Bolsheviks da Mensheviks, sabanin al'ada, babu ciki rikici da search for mãsu laifi, a shan kashi. Abokan adawar hukumomi sun natsu da cewa dukan gwagwarmaya da tsarist gwamnatin ne basu fito.

A tashin a lardin

Ko da yake wani halayyar da Disamba m tawaye dogara ne a kan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Moscow, a cikin kwanaki na tarzoma faru a kan periphery kasar. Wannan ya faru ko duk da cewa ba da Social Democrats kuma bã da Socialist-yunkuri ba za su shirya 'yan tawayen mataki a fadin Rasha. A cikin lardin Moscow zubar da jini gane da wani terse rahotanni a jaridu, baƙi ko na sirri haruffa.

Duk da haka, dukan ƙasar da aka Motsin zuciya na proletarian Solidarity. Saboda haka, kananan Aljihuna tawaye bayyana a birane da yawa na kasar. A watan Disamba, da tashin hankali share Rostov-on-Don, Sormovo, Kharkov, Novorossiysk, Donbass Gorlovka. The most a lardin ya Disamba m tawaye a Motovilikha - masana'antu kauye kusa da Perm.

A sakamakon na Disamba events

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da abubuwan da suka faru a birnin Moscow a watan Disamba 1905 tilasta Nicholas II don yin wasu siyasa asasshe. Its wakilci a jihar Duma samu da proletariat da bourgeoisie. Ma'aikata da suka yi magana a kan gwamnati, na farko ya yi yaƙi domin da taimako na yanayin aiki. Bayan da boren ko'ina ƙãra Hakkin kuma da aiki ranar da aka rage zuwa 10 hours. A kauyen manoma sun cimma yarjejeniyoyin da fansa biya zuwa gidan haya.

A tawaye a Moscow sake spurred rayuwar siyasa a Rasha. Kamar namomin kaza bayan ruwan sama ya fara bayyana cikin jam'iyyar. A kan Hauwa'u na da juyin juya halin akwai game da 35 wannan kungiyoyi. Bayan da Moscow bore da kuma sauran abubuwan da suka faru na 1905-1907. jam'iyyar ƙidaya a cikin daruruwan. A wannan gagarumar ga kasashen turai hanzari girma shahararsa na matsananci -: .. A Bolsheviks, da Socialist-yunkuri, da dai sauransu, sun kasance a sahun gaba na wannan yunkuri da kuma tsiwirwirinsu kwari shahararsa a cikin m proletarian da'irori.