Derivational sarkar wuya kalmomi. Yadda za a gina wani jerin kalma-gini? Misalai derivational sarƙoƙi

Samu rataya na yadda za a gina wani jerin kalma-samuwar, yana da muhimmanci sosai. Wannan fasaha zai ba da damar gano da jerin samar da wani sabon jawabin naúra da kuma kauce wa nan gaba blunders.

Wanda aka samu da kuma samar da kalmomi

Duk da sabon-kafa magana abubuwa a cikin Rasha da harshen da wanda aka samu akai. Derivational sarkar wuya kalmomi da aka gina a kan tushen daga cikin sauki - samar (himmatuwa) raka'a. Shi ne tushe. Duk da sabuwar kafa kalmomi aka samu (m). Wannan mulki ya shafi a duk lokuta, da samuwar sabuwar magana raka'a.

Motsa kalma yana da wani hadadden tsarin game da samar da abinci. Wannan aka nuna a cikin na ginin jumla, morphological da stylistic al'amurran.

Mun la'akari derivational sarkar - misalai na Kalam kuma samar da abubuwa:

• Glass <= karkashin-gilashi-nick, inda gilashin - himmatuwa naúrar. Cup mariƙin - wanda aka samu.
• Beat <= ka-bit *, inda kidan - samar da kalma. Buga - m.

Non-wanda aka samu (unmotivated) kalma

A Rasha akwai magana raka'a, wanda ba a kafa daga sauran kalmomi da wannan tushen. Daga cikin wadannan siffofin sun ce su ba wanda aka samu akai. Derivational kalma sarkar da ciwon unmotivated substrate za a iya kafa ne kawai tare da naúrar kamar haka: ba wanda aka samu tsari a matsayin samar <= motsa form. Wannan shi ne ainihin kalmar ne mafi sauki a abun da ke ciki.

Unmotivated magana raka'a yawanci kunshi cikin wannan tushen. Ga misali: ɗan'uwansa, kujera, rana.

Mene ne derivational sarkar

The karami naúrar na kalmar samuwar aka samar da form. Bisa shi, rufi har duk related abubuwa. Derivational sarkar ne a jerin jawabin siffofin da ciwon guda tushen. Bugu da kari, kowane sabon kashi haka daga baya daya. Wannan ne, da jerin yana da wani matsayi tsarin.

Kowane sabon naúrar a formative sarkar siffofin da baya kamar wata murya da kuma shi ne mai wanda aka samu da shi. Wata kalma, bi da bi, shi ne himmatuwa.

Ga wani misali. A sarkar saƙa <= dirkar <= dirkar 'dirkar' aka samu dangane da "saƙa", alhãli kuwa dangane da "dirkar" An himmatuwa.

Mene ne derivational sarkar

Derivational sarkar na kalmar - a jerin sabon jawabin raka'a. Harshe - mai rai inji cewa an kullum updated. Tunda mafi yawan sabon jawabin raka'a a Rasha harshen - Kalam, kalma samuwar ne wani muhimmin mažalli don fahimtar da darajar harshen da kuma yiwuwar assimilation.

Domin samuwar basira da kuma ƙarfafa da basira da gini jerin dace da su na yin daban-daban ayyuka, kamar:

• ƙirƙirar jerin kalma-samuwar na ba kalma.
• Nemo sa siffar.
• ƙayyade zuwa ga abin da formative sarkar jerin.
• gane da himmatuwa-akai.
• sanin yadda da yawa sarƙoƙi na kalmar-samuwar a cikin gida.

kalma-kafa gida

Tare da derivational sarƙoƙi hada stemmings magana naúra da kowa na ginin jumla ma'anar da shi za a iya tsara wani jerin daban. Shi ne ake kira a soket. Wannan shi ne mafi m ra'ayi riga na gina sabon lexical siffofin.

Kalma-kafa gida - a sa na sarƙoƙi da hada magana raka'a tare da duka notional darajar. Yana da muhimmanci a yi la'akari da ba kawai da na kowa tushen, amma gaskiyar da na ginin jumla kusanci. Ganiya na kalmar-kafa gida ne cikin sauki daya. Kawai nuna rubutu mafi sauki daga cikin cognate fi'ili abubuwa, yana yiwuwa domin sanin yadda da yawa jerin kan shi za a iya gina.

Alal misali, derivational sarkar: fuska <= depersonalize <= depersonalize samar da wani gida da kirtani: fuskar <= gaban <= jifa. Jawabin naúrar "fuska" da aka samu a cikin wannan gida.

hanyoyi na kalmar samuwar

Domin kauce wa kuskure a shiri na derivational sarƙoƙi, an fahimci yadda da Rasha harshen akwai gina sabon jawabin abubuwa.

Gano hanyoyi da dama:

1. Bugu da kari. A sabon naúrar ne kafa ta shiga wani Dalili na daya kalma zuwa tushe na wani (ko fiye da kwasfansu). Akwai da wadannan hanyoyi:

• samar da tushe + a haɗa wasula + himmatuwa kalmomi: gas-o-silicate, full-na-karanta. A wasu lokuta, a haɗa da wasali na iya zama m: Kaliningrad.
• samar da tushe + harsashin samar gado mai matasai gadaje, flared skirt, a ba izini jami'in.
• samar da samar da tushe + tushe + kari na baya baki: kai-da sharar gida-to-a.
• raguwa: samuwar fili kalmomi ta ƙara kaucewa ko partially truncated sansanonin: jami'a, bataliya, zavskladom.

2. Morphological Hanyar - tare da taimakon affixes:

• kari na baya baki (ta amfani da suffixes): raspberries-nick <= raspberries.
• prefixing (ta amfani da kari kafin kalma). sake-gudu <= gudu.
• Postaffixal (WACE-ko, wata rana, Xia): aure Xia <= zuwa aure.
• Hade (laqani-kari na baya baki, suffixal prefixing et al.)

3. Chanza (morpho-syntactic Hanyar). A wannan yanayin, da kalmar ne ba batun wani canje-canje. Kan aiwatar da samuwar sabuwar raka'a ne da za'ayi da ya sauya sheka daga daya zuwa wani bangare na jawabin.

• substantivizing - da samuwar wani suna daga wani bangare na jawabin: da ma'ana aiki, a farke.
• adjectivization - siffa samuwar ta canja daga sauran sassa na jawabin: kona idanu (kwatanta: kwal kona makera).
• pronominalizatsiya (miƙa mulki ga magana da): wannan mahallin, a cikin wannan birni.
• adverbializatsiya (mi} a mulki cikin wani yar bab): a yadda za su yi (kwatanta: aikin a kan shirin y).
• mi} a mulki ga prepositions: godiya ga wani farin ciki lokaci (kwatanta: gode masa domin taimako).

4. The lexical-na ginin jumla Hanyar. Kalma bai sauya ba ta morphological tsarin, nemowa wani daban-daban ma'anar: albasa (shuka) - baka (makami), goga (zane) - Brush (dutsen ash).

5. lexico-syntactic Hanyar: ci biyu ko fiye da raka'a cikin daya. Ga misali: A wadannan (jera a kasa), m (kadan tasiri).

Shikenan lissafin jawo formative sarkar

Domin fahimtar yadda za a yi wani jerin kalma-samuwar, shi wajibi ne, don su bincika da jerin ayyuka. M riko ga duk abubuwa zai ƙwarai rage wuya da aiki.

1. Saka wata kalma a cikin na asali siffar.
2. Zabi duk samuwa affixes - kari kafin kalma, suffixes da asalinsu.
3. Ƙayyade da hanyar ilimi.
4. Nemo na ginin jumla ma'anar magana rabi (idan ya cancanta - tare da taimakon wani kamus).
5. A jerin daya-tushen raka'a karba sa wani daga siffarsa darajar.

Alal misali, kana so ka bincika don sarrafa kalmar "mariƙin".

Zabi tushen da kuma affixes: a-kofin-nick, inda - prefix, sunan barkwanci - kari na baya baki gilashi - tushen. Prefixal-kari na baya baki Hanyar kalma samuwar. Mun ayyana na ginin jumla ma'anar: kofin mariƙin - wani abu da aka sanya a karkashin gilashin. Saboda haka samar da kalmar "gilashin" zai yi aiki a cikin wannan harka.

Misalai derivational sarƙoƙi

Ka yi la'akari da 'yan misalai na jawo jerin.

"Cheer" bukata derivational sarkar da kalmar.

Bisa ga algorithm:

1. A farko tsari - "gaisuwa."
2. Zabi affixes: lokaci-oars-da Th-Xia. Suffixes: da kullum - da - indeterminate form -t i-, postfix siffofin da fi'ilin samu Xia. Daban-daban prefix. -vesel- tushen.
3. Ƙayyade da irin kalmar samuwar: mun kasance iya haskaka da formative kari na baya baki da kuma prefix. Saboda haka, hanyar - platformers-kari na baya baki.
4. Zabi da ma'anar magana kashi "gaisuwa": zo a cikin mai kyau yanayi, a fun.
5. A tsari na kalmar samuwar - laqani-kari na baya baki. Neman samar da naúrar ta hanyar simplification. Himmatuwa kalma turawa yanzu kalmomin "gaisuwa" shi ne wani ba-samu kalmomin "gaisuwa." Daban-daban prefix, a cikin wannan yanayin yana da darajar da wani mataki da mai tsanani. Samar da kalmar aikatau "gaisuwa" shi ne mafi sauki kashi "gaisuwa", wanda aka kafa, bi da bi, da siffa "gaisuwa". Saboda haka, derivational sarkar zai kasance:

Gaisuwa <= ba daɗi <= gaisuwa <= gaisuwa

Ƙirƙirar jerin kalma-gini ga suna "salting."

Bisa ga algorithm:

1. A farko tsari - "salting."
2. Zabi affixes da kuma tushen: ga Sol-to-da kyau. Prefix: za- tushen: -hydrochloric - kari na baya baki: -k-, lankwashewa: s.
3. Hanyar derivation: prefixal-kari na baya baki.
4. Mun ayyana na ginin jumla ma'anar "salting": adana yin amfani da gishiri.
5. Muna neman sauki abun da ke ciki na samar da wani kalma. Kari na baya baki -k - ya nuna cewa murya kashi ne sunan mataki, kuma aka samu daga fi'ili. Derivational biyu su gabatar da wani suna kalmomin "pickle". Bi da bi, da prefix za- nufin ƙarshen mataki - fi'ili kafa daga mafi sauki siffofin "gishiri." "Don gishiri" - aikata wani abu pickled yin amfani da gishiri. Samar da kalmar "gishiri". Derivational sarkar zai rubuta:

Gishiri <= gishiri <= pickle <= salting

Don gina wani jerin kalma-gini ga siffa "nepedagogichno".

Bisa ga algorithm:

1. A farko tsari - nepedagogichno.
2. Zabi morpheme: maras padagog-DBS farko. Prefix maras tushen -pedagog-, nary wani kari na baya baki -, -S lankwashewa.
3. Hanyar derivation: prefixal-kari na baya baki.
4. Ƙayyade na ginin jumla ma'anar "nepedagogichno": ba ya hadu ma'aunansa na pedagogy.
5. A tsari na kalmar samuwar - prefixal-kari na baya baki. Muna neman sauki morphemic abun da ke ciki naúrar. A siffa "nepedagogichno" da aka kafa daga wannan bangare na jawabin "m" da prefix tare da wani mummunan maras. Saboda haka, sa naúrar a cikin biyu ne da kalmar "m". Bi da bi, da siffa "m" da aka kafa ta a formative kari na baya baki - ichn- daga suna 'pedagogy'. Wannan slvo aka samu daga wani sauki abun da ke ciki suna "malami". Saboda haka, sa naúrar (kokuwa) na wannan jerin ne suna "malami". Derivational sarkar ne kamar haka:

malami <= pedagogy <= m <= nepedagogichno

Ƙirƙirar jerin kalma-ginin "razgrimirovatsya" fi'ili.

Mun gudanar da wani da matakai bisa ga algorithm:

1. Tushen fi'ili fom - "razgrimirovatsya".
2. Zabi affixes: lokaci-kayan shafa-Irova-Th-Xia. Prefix: daban-daban tushen: -grim -, siffata da fi'ilin kari na baya baki - irova- da kuma sa -t m siffar, postfix-Xia.
3. Hanyar derivation: prefixal-kari na baya baki.
4. Mun ayyana na ginin jumla ma'anar kalmomin nan "razgrimirovatsya": dauki kashe ta shafa.
5. Hanyar kalma samuwar - platformers-kari na baya baki, wannan na nufin neman sauki tsarin da morphemic naúrar. Breakout kalmomin "razgrimirovatsya" da aka kafa ta dawo da kalmomin nan "sa-up" da prefix daban-daban da darajar kafin sakewa mataki. Bi da bi, da turawa yanzu kalmomin nan "sa-up" - daga cikin wadanda ba dawowar kalmomin nan "sa up." Samar da kalmar "sa up" fi'ili ne da ba wanda aka samu suna "kayan shafa", wanda yake shi ne kokuwa na jerin. Derivational sarkar wakiltar wadannan makirci:

kayan shafa <= sa up <= kayan shafa <= razgrimirovatsya

Ya kamata a kula

A jawo sama da derivational sarƙoƙi bada shawarar a kula da wadannan nuances:

• kada ta kasance rude derivation da formative analysis. Last manufofin su gane siffofin guda kalma. Ga misali: Na gudu - gudu - gudu. Duk da yake da matuƙar manufa na bincike ne derivational sarkar sabon lexical raka'a;
• Dalili na sabon-kafa magana kashi yawanci kunshi mafi affixes fiye da wadanda himmatuwa. Alal misali, a cikin formative biyu: hunturu <= hunturu samar da tushe hada da daya sa - tushen - zim-, yayin da tushen wata muhawwara kalma kunshi wani tushen - zim- da kari na baya baki - n.
• a jawabin da nau'i-nau'i a samansu da mutum ko dabba, namiji da mace, samar da takaice, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne kalmace ta namiji. Ga misali: Masaƙi <= dirkar. Goose <= Goose;
• nau'i-nau'i, ciki har da sassa daban daban na jawabin - fi'ili, na nuna wani m mataki, da kuma wani suna ko siffa, na nuna alamar, Kalam kalma ne kullum da suna. Ga misali: tsohon <= tsufa, tanda, <= pastries.
• turawa yanzu fi'ilai babban bangare ne kafa ta ba returnable. Ga misali: koyar da <= zuwa karatu, aure <= aure.
• da fi'ilin kalmar sau da yawa aiki wadannan makirci: ba wanda aka samu fi'ili imperfective omitting <= perfective fi'ilai tare da prefix <= fi'ili da prefix da kari na baya baki imperfective: watch <= view <= view, shuka <= shuka <= zaseivat s.
• a cikin derivation na adverbs a -o sa naúrar shi ne yawanci wani siffa: kyau <= kyau, m <= rawar soja amma.

Amfani da kamus a shiri na derivational sarƙoƙi

Ko da tare da tsananin yarda zane algorithm derivational sarƙoƙi wani lokacin yana sa wasu matsaloli. A wannan yanayin shi ne dace in yi amfani da kamus. Akwai musamman bugu, tare da taimakon wanda shi ne zai yiwu a zabi guda tushen form kusan duk wani jawabin abubuwa. Su ba kalma-kafa, sarƙoƙi - misalai wani ba wanda aka samu raka'a kuma tare da duk da siffofin maruran. Saka dabaru da kuma iri na gina ilimin harsuna form.Takzhe za ka iya samun tips a kan yadda za a yi wani jerin kalma-samuwar wani musamman jawabin abubuwa.

Wanda aka samu siffofin suna located a cikin manual a Tsarin Harafi Bayan Harafi. A mafi cikakken edition ne "Kalma-samuwar Dictionary of Rasha harshen" a 2 kundin.

Amfani da kamus taimaka a kafa sarƙoƙi, da kuma inganta harkokin assimilation na sabon ƙamus.