Boris Pasternak - biography, da rayuwa da kuma aiki

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich, wanda biography da aka gabatar a wannan labarin ne daya daga cikin 'yan Masters na kalmar, bayar da daya daga cikin mafi coveted awards - Nobel Prize.

biography na mawãƙi

Boris Pasternak, wanda photo da aka gabatar a cikin labarin, an haife shi a Moscow a 1890. mawãƙi ta iyali ya kasance m kuma na fasaha. Uwar - a pianist, mahaifinsa kuwa sanannen mai zane-zane da kuma Academician. Aikinsa ya samu babban yabo, da kuma wasu da aka ko da sayansu da wani sanannen majiɓinci, Tretyakov domin gidan kayan gargajiya. Leonid Osipovich Pasternak ya sada zumunci tare da Leo Tolstoy da ya kasance daya daga ya fi so illustrators.

Bugu da kari ga na farko-haifaffe Boris, da iyali daga baya ya zo uku mafi yara - ƙaramin ɗan da 'ya'ya mata biyu.

yara

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, wanda waqe ba tukuna aka rubuta, tun da haihuwa kasance a cikin wani m m yanayi. Mahaifansa biyu 'gidan kasance ko da yaushe hospitably a bude domin shahararren baƙi. Baya Lva Tolstogo, wanda aka ziyarci by composers Scriabin da Rachmaninoff, artists Levitan da Ivanov, da kuma wasu m mutane. Hakika, da yake ganawa da su ba amma zai shafi Pasternak. Babbar tasiri a kan shi ya Scriabin, wanda tasiri 13-shekara Boris na dogon lokaci tsanani tsunduma a music da aka tsara don zama wani mawaki.

Karatu Boris Pasternak (biography na mawãƙi ƙunshi wannan al'amari) daidai. Ya sauke karatu daga na biyar Moscow dakin motsa jiki a cikin abin da biyu azuzuwan kasa horar da Vladimir Mayakovsky. Lokaci guda, ya yi karatu a abun da ke ciki baiwa na Moscow kide. Makarantar sakandare da ya sauke karatunsa brilliantly - tare da wani ya samu lambar zinariya, kuma cikakken ci a duk fannoni.

wuya zabi

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich, wanda biography za a kara daga baya ne ba tukuna a gaskiya wuya zabi bayan samun digiri, aka tilasta ya dauki na farko, shi ne sosai m yanke shawara domin shi - ya bar mawaki ta aiki. Ya kansa, a biography daga baya ya bayyana cewa, ya yi haka, domin ba su mallaka m farar. A yanayi na gaba mawãƙi ya riga wata babbar sadaukar da kuma cika aka dage farawa. Idan ya fara wani abu, to, kawo kammala. Saboda haka, yana mai nuna soyayya music, amma sanin cewa ba zai iya samun a cikin wannan sana'a da ake bukata domin kai kamala, Pasternak, a cikin magana, "fizge" ta daga kanta.

A 1908 ya shiga Moscow University, da farko a Faculty of Law, amma a shekara daga baya ya canja shawarar da fassara a cikin falsafa sashen. Kamar yadda a kullum, Pasternak m dalibi da kuma a 1912 ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Margburga birni. Ya annabta mai kyau Falsafa aiki a Jamus, amma ya ba zato ba tsammani ya yanke shawarar ya kebe kansa ba falsafanci bane, kuma shayari.

A farkon wata m hanya

Dabbled a shayari, ya fara marigayi, a kusa da 1910. Boris Pasternak ta waka na wannan zamani, bisa ga tunaninsu Sergeya Bobrova, da mawãƙi ta abokan aiki su yi aiki tare a poetic da'irori, quite yaro a tsari, kokarin saukar da wata babbar abun ciki.

Ziyartar Venice tare da iyalinsa a 1912 da kuma gazawar da budurwa sun Boris burge. Wannan da aka nuna a cikin ayoyin farko na wannan zamani.

Bayan ya sake Moscow, ya fara tafiyar da wallafe-wallafen da'irori "Musaget" da "Lyrics", yana magana da waqe. A lokacin wadannan shekaru, ya aka janyo hankalin irin wannan halin in shayari, futurism da symbolism, amma daga baya ya fĩfĩta ba su shiga a cikin wani wallafe-wallafen jam'iyya, da kuma ya zama m.

1913-1914 shekaru kasance Pasternak m in m rayuwa. Da farko, 'yan daga cikin waqoqi da aka buga, da kuma na farko tarin aka buga a shekara ta 1914, "Didymus a cikin girgije." Amma duk wannan bai iske yayin kawai ƙoƙari a rubuce-rubuce, kamar yadda m da ingancin ayyukansu. A wannan shekarar ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa Vladimir Mayakovsky. Pasternak matsayin mawãƙi da dama a karkashin tasirin da take da.

A haihuwa na mawãƙi

A tsari na kerawa - wani abu quite inexplicable. Wani halitta da sauƙi, kamar yadda idan hutu, da sauran a hankali hones kowane magana, cimma kammala. A karshen mallakar Boris Pasternak. Shayari for shi - yana da ba kawai mai girma kyauta, amma kuma aiki tukuru. Saboda haka, kawai aka buga a 1922 da tarin " 'yar uwata - Life", ya aka dauke farkon ya wallafe-wallafen aiki. Boris Pasternak ta waka, hada a cikinsa aka rubuta a lokacin rani na 1917.

hayayyafa 1920

A farkon 1920 aka alama da dama muhimmanci events. A 1921, da mawãƙi iyayen hijira zuwa Jamus, da kuma a shekara ta 1922, Boris Pasternak, wanda biography ƙunshi mutane da yawa ban sha'awa facts, ya auri Evgenii Vladimirovne tafarkin. A shekara daga baya, da suka yi wani dan Zhenya.

Boris Pasternak ta kerawa a cikin wadannan shekaru productively - a 1923 akwai wani tarin "Jigogi kuma Bambanci" da kuma biyu shahara waka - "Lieutenant Schmidt" da "ɗari tara da biyar shekara." Sun zama wallafe-wallafen taron na shekara da kuma samu babban kimantawa Maksima Gorkogo.

Mawãƙi kuma Soviet ikon

A farkon 1930s - lokacin Pasternak fitarwa iko. Ayyukansa da aka sake buga shi a kowace shekara, da mawãƙi a 1934, kai wani jawabin a farko majalisa na kungiyar Writers. Its zahiri da ake kira mafi kyau mawãƙi na kasar. Amma ikon ba manta da cewa mawãƙi ne da ƙarfin hali da tsayawa har ga kama iyali na poetess Anny Ahmatovoy, Mandelstam da Gumilev kare. Wannan ta ba Ya gãfarta kowa. Ba tsere wannan rabo da Boris Pasternak. Taqaitaccen Tarihin mawãƙi ce ta 1936 da shekara ta tara ta kusan kawar daga hukuma wallafe-wallafen rayuwa na kasar, sunã zargin kansu ba daidai ba mahanga da kuma detachment daga rayuwa.

Fassarori Pasternak

Yana da haka ya faru da cewa Pasternak aka sani a matsayin mai fassara, ba kasa da matsayin mawãƙi. Shi ne ake kira daya daga cikin mafi kyau Masters poetic translation. Wanda, idan ba ya ban mamaki mawãƙi, zai iya zama mafi alhẽri daga fuskanci wani aiki na wani mahalicci?

Saboda mummunan hali na hukuma a cikin marigayi 1930s, da mawãƙi ne bar ba tare da samun kudin shiga. Ayyukansa ba a fitar, kudi sorely rasa, kuma Pasternak tana nufin canja wurin. Game da su mawãƙi da nasa ra'ayi. Ya yi imani da cewa translation - wannan m aiki na gwaninta, da asali. Kuma a nan ya zo da aiki, tare da dukan meticulousness, nufin yin kome cikakke.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, waqoqi da kuma fassarorin da wanda ya shiga zinariya asusu na Rasha da kuma kasashen waje adabi, ta fara nazarin translation a 1918. Sa'an nan, ya yi mafi yawa da aikin Jamus kasida. Its main fara aiki a shekarar 1936. Ya tafi gida a Peredelkino, da kuma na aiki tukuru a kan fassarar Shakespeare, Goethe, Byron, Rilke, Keats, Varley. Yanzu aikinsa ne mai daraja a kan wani par da asali ayyukansu.

Pasternak fassarorin - wannan ba kawai wata dama don ciyar da iyali, amma kuma a irin hanya don gane da kansa a matsayin wani mawãƙi a cikin yanayi na dama da kuma ƙi ya buga ayyukansa. Boris Pasternak bin mu bashi da m fassarorin na Shakespeare, wanda sun dade da aka dauke litattafansu.

War kuma postwar shekaru

Rauni samu da marubuci a da yara, bai ba shi da za a hada da gaban a lokacin yakin duniya na II. Amma zauna tafi ya iya ba. Bayan kammala horar da sojoji, ya aka aiko zuwa gaban labaru. Bayan ya dawo gida, a Peredelkino, shi halitta a sake zagayowar daga m waqe.

Shekaru bayan da yaki - da lokaci na aiki. Pasternak daukan mai yawa, saboda ba shi da kawai samun kudin shiga. Shayari a postwar shekaru, ya rubuta wani kadan - duk abin da ya lokaci tsunduma a translation and aiki a kan wani sabon labari.

A wadannan shekaru da kuma asusun wani Titanic aiki na mawãƙi - translation na Goethe ta "Faust."

"Doctor Zhivago" - da pinnacle na halitta da kuma aiki na mawãƙi ta fi so

Wannan littafin ya kasance mafi muhimmanci da kuma ƙaunataccen ayyukan mawãƙi ne. Shekaru goma da suka tafi da ita Boris Pasternak. "Doctor Zhivago" - shi ne sun fi mayar da autobiographical labari.

FarawaEND_LINK - 1945. A wannan lokaci, da samfur na mace image da labari ya da marubuci matar Zinaida Neuhaus. Bayan bayyanar a rayuwa Pasternak Olga Ivinskaya, wanda ya zama sabon Muse, rubutun tafi da sauri.

Wannan labari - babban da kuma fi so yaron na mawãƙi, an halitta dogon lokaci - 10 years. Wannan shi ne ainihin wani tarihin rayuwar na marubuci, mãsu gaskiya lissafi na events a cikin kasar tun farkon karni da kuma kawo karshen tare da mummunan yakin. Domin wannan gaskiya "Doctor Zhivago" kuma ya aka tantama ƙaryata da iko, da Boris Pasternak, wanda biography Stores events wannan wuya lokaci, an hõre ga wannan dama.

Yana da wuya su yi tunanin yadda ya wuya a yi janar hukunci, musamman daga abokan aiki.

A cikin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin edition na littafin an hana saboda da rigima marubuci ta view na Oktoba juyin juya halin. Roman yaba kawai kasashen waje. Shi yiwuwa a buga a Italiya. A shekarar 1957, "Doctor Zhivago" Pasternak aka saki da kuma zama wani nan take abin mamaki. Yana da samfurin na West samu Rave reviews.

1958 - mai ban kwanan wata. A awarding na Nobel Prize - wani mawãƙi kuma mafi girma da farin ciki daga cikin mafi girma amincewa da basira da} asashen duniya, da kuma real baƙin ciki saboda ci gaba da sabunta kuzari dama. Yana da aka miƙa a matsayin wata azãba ga fitar, a kan mawãƙi ya amsa da cewa tunanin kansu ba tare da wani mahaifarsa, ya iya ba. Duk da haushi na zamani Pasternak abubuwan da kuma da tabbaci da aka bayyana a cikin waka: "The Nobel Prize", rubuta a shekarar 1959. Wannan lambar yabo da ya yi ba, kuma ga wannan aya, da aka buga a kasashen waje, ya kawai ya ba da aka caje karkashin labarin "cin amanar kasa." Tsira da cewa littafin ya faru ba tare da yardarka daga Pasternak.

Boris Pasternak - short waqe na mawãƙi

Idan muka magana game da farkon ayyukan mawãƙi, shi karfi ji rinjayar symbolism. Very hadaddun Daddy, m images da kwatancen ne na hali na wannan zamani. Canjãwa da cika fuska Pasternak ta style a lokacin yaki da shekaru. Ayoyi son zama da sauki da kuma sauki karatu. Su ne sauri da kuma sauƙi adana, da kuma kyau to kawai karanta a jere. Wannan Gaskiya ne, na gajeren waqe na mawãƙi, kamar "Hop", "Wind", "Maris", "alƙarya". Pasternak ta baiwa ta'allaka ne da cewa ko da a da ta fi ƙanƙanta da shayari bayar da wata babbar falsafa ma'anar.

Boris Pasternak. Analysis waka "Yuli"

Waka da dangantaka da da marigayi lokaci na mawãƙi ne. Yana da aka rubuta a shekarar 1956 a lokacin da Pasternak Allaha a lokacin rani a dacha a Peredelkino. Idan a farkon shekaru ya rubuta m shayari, sa'an nan daga baya sun sami zaman fuskantarwa da wani fi so jigo na mawãƙi - wani fahimtar da cin gaba na halitta duniya da kuma bil'adama.

"Yuli" - wani m misali na pastoral shayari. The sunan aikin da theme ne guda. Mene ne babban ra'ayin so kai ga mai karatu Boris Pasternak? Yuli - daya daga cikin mafi kyau rani watanni, haifar da wani m sha'awa ga marubucin. Kuma ta lightness, kyau da fara'a da ya so ya bayyana.

Waka kunshi sassa biyu. A kashi na farko na samar da wani yanayi na asiri - wanda shi ne babban bako, shiga cikin gidan? Brownie, fatalwa, fatalwa wanda ya zo a guje, wasanni da kuma sneaks?

A kashi na biyu na asirin da m bako bayyana - wannan barna-Yuli, tsakiyar bazara watan. Mawãƙi humanizes Yuli, ta amfani da sojan gona: gidan, unkempt slob, mazaunin baƙi.

A peculiarity na waka ne da yin amfani da marubucin m gani images: Yuli "disrupts da tablecloth kashe tebur," "gudanar a guguwa da wani daftarin."

Personal rai na mawãƙi

Boris Pasternak, wanda biography ba zai iya zama cikakken ba tare da labarin da na iyalinsa, da aka yi aure sau biyu. Kamar yadda wani m mutum, rai motsin zuciyarmu, ya kasance m mutum. Ba isa ya nutse a banal magudi, amma kuma zauna gaskiya ga ƙaunataccen mace, ya iya ba.

A farko da matar na da mawãƙi ya zama m Evgeniya tafarkin, wani matashi artist. Suka sadu da a 1921, da kuma cewa saduwa da mawãƙi dauke shi m. A wannan lokaci, Pasternak gama aikinsa a kan labarin "Yara eyelets," wanda da heroine sunan da aka Eugene, kuma idan ya ga yarinya a ta image.

Eugene wani real gidan kayan gargajiya na mawãƙi ne. Mai ladabi, m, m, kuma a lokaci guda mayar da hankali da kuma zaman kanta, ta sa shi m elation. A farkon shekaru na aure, Boris Pasternak ya yiwuwa a karon farko farin ciki. Da farko, mai ƙarfi soyayya smoothed duk matsaloli, amma sannu a hankali da wuya rayuwa ga matalauci 20-ies zama ƙara shiga tsakani a cikin iyali arziki. Eugene ya ba da cikakken matarsa, ta kuma so yi da kaina a matsayin artist, da kuma da yawa iyali da ya shafi Pasternak ya dauki kan.

A 1926, tsakanin shi da kuma Marina Tsvetaeva fara dogon rubutu, wanda shi ne kawai hauka kishi matar mawãƙi ne. Yana ba tashi ya tafi wurin iyayenta a Jamus Pasternak. A karshen, ta yanke shawarar da ya daina sha'awar gane kaina a matsayin artist da kallafad da rayuwan su kula da mijinta. Amma da mawãƙi ya riga ya sadu da nan gaba matarsa, a karo na biyu - Zinaidoy Neygauz. Ya riga arba'in, ta - 32 years old, ta yi aure da kuma kiwon biyu boys.

Neuhaus ne cikakken akasin Evgenii tafarkin. An gaba daya sadaukar da ta iyali, ta kasance sosai tattali. Yana da aka ba wannan tsaftacewa da cewa ya muhimmi na farko da matar mawãƙi ne. Amma Pasternak da farko wurin fadi cikin soyayya tare da wannan mace. Da cewa ta an yi aure kuma yana da yara, ba su daina. Yanzu ransa, ya kawai gani ta.

A 1932, ya sake da aure Eugenia Zinaida. Bayan raba daga matarsa ta farko, ya yi dukan waɗanda shekaru, har sai da mutuwa, ya taimaka ta ita da ɗanta, kuma sa in touch.

Pasternak tare da matarsa ta biyu, ma, na yi farin ciki. Kula, Thrifty, ta yi kokarin ba shi ta'aziyya da zaman lafiya, da kuma shi ma da mawãƙi ta Muse. The biyu aure aka haife ɗa, Leonid.

Iyali farin ciki dade, kamar yadda a farkon aure, kadan fiye da shekaru 10. Pasternak ƙara tsaya a kan dacha a Peredelkino, kuma mafi kuma mafi nisantar daga matarsa. Da zarar a cikin mujallar "New World", sai ya sadu da aiki a can a matsayin editan Olga Ivinskaya. Da shi shi ne na karshe Muse na mawãƙi ne.

Sau da yawa da suka yi kokarin barin, su bar matarsa saboda Pasternak ba ya so ya, ya nufi mai yawa da shi, kuma haka ba zai iya ba to yi haka mugun tare da ita.

A shekarar 1949 Ivinskaya kama da aika zuwa sansanonin domin 5 shekaru domin dangantaka da Boris Pasternak. Kuma duk wadannan shekaru da ya yi ya kula da ta tsofaffi dauwa da yara, da samar da tsabar kudi. Free wannan mawuyacin lokaci bai wuce - a shekara ta 1952 da mawãƙi shigar da su zuwa asibiti tare da ciwon zuciya.

Bayan ya dawo Olga ya zama wani unofficial sakataren Pasternak - shi zai gudanar da duk da kasuwanci, na Magana a kan ta madadin tare da Editorial ma'aikatan, tsunduma a wani reprint daga cikin ayyukansa. Har zuwa karshen mawãƙi ta rayuwa, ba su rabu.

'yan shekarun nan

Babu shakka cewa an fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa a kusa da mawãƙi-baiting mai tsanani durkusar da kiwon lafiya. Sha wahala a zuciya hari a shekara ta 1952, kuma sanya kanta ji.

A cikin spring, a farkon watan Afrilu 1960, Pasternak fadi da rashin lafiya daga rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Babu daya zaton cewa yana da ciwon daji da cewa ya riga ya metastasized to bari da ciki. A farkon watan Mayu, da mawãƙi fahimci cewa cutar ne m, kuma bai warke. May 30 Boris Pasternak mutu. Duk wannan lokaci a kan bedside sun matarsa, Zinaida, wanda tsira da mijinta na 6 shekaru kuma ya mutu da wannan cuta. A mawãƙi da iyalinsa suna binne shi a makabarta a Peredelkino.

Creativity ƙwarai Rasha mawãƙi, marubuci kuma fassara Boris Pasternak ya tafi a duniya wallafe-wallafe. Its alama kamar wani mawãƙi - wani picturesque ma'ana style da kuma ban mamaki hasashe wakoki.