Babban chemists na duniya da kuma aikinsu

Chemistry - mafi muhimmanci kimiyya da aka yi amfani a duniya a yau, dole mu riga mechanically. A mutum ba ya tunani game da cewa shi yana amfani da a rayuwar yau da kullum binciken sanya da masana kimiyya a lokacin. Cooking ta saba da sabon abu girke-girke, aiki a gonar - miya shuka, SPRAY, kariya daga kwari, da amfani da kwayoyi daga cikin gida kit, yi amfani da kuka fi so kayan shafawa - duk wadannan siffofin ba mu sunadarai.

Godiya ga shekaru masu yawa na aikin mai girma chemists sun sanya mu duniya ne don haka - dace da dadi. Žara koyo game da wasu daga cikin binciken da kuma kimiyya sunayen za a iya samu a cikin labarin.

Samuwar sunadarai a matsayin kimiyya

Matsayin mai zaman kanta kimiyya sunadarai suka fara samar kawai a cikin biyu da rabi na XVIII karni. Babban sunadarai wanda ya ba da duniya da yawa ban sha'awa da kuma amfani binciken a fagen sinadaran abubuwa na gudanar da bincike, sanya wani babban taimako ga samuwar duniya a halin yanzu tsari.

Godiya ga aikin na kimiyya, da masana a yau za mu iya ji dadin da yawa abũbuwan amfãni a rayuwa. M horo, sunadarai ya zama kawai ta hanyar aiki da kuma a sarari rabo daga cikin muhimman matsalolin a kimiyya, wanda bauta na dogon lokaci mai girma chemists.

A samu na sabon sinadaran abubuwa

A farkon da XIX karni a Sweden, ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki da masanin kimiyyar Jens Jakob Berzelius. Ransa, ya ne gaba ɗaya duqufar zuwa sinadaran da bincike. Samu title of farfesa a fannin sunadarai na Medico-M Institute, aka jera a matsayin wani ɓangare na St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences a matsayin girmamawa waje wakilin. Ya kasance shugaba na Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Jens Jakob Berzelius shi ne na farko masanin kimiyya ne da samarwa don amfani ga sunayen da sinadaran abubuwa ne wata wasika. Ya ra'ayin da aka samu nasarar dauka up da kuma amfani da wannan rana.

A samu na sabon sinadaran abubuwa - cerium, selenium da thorium - abin yabo Berzelius. A ra'ayin kayyade atomic talakawa da kayan kimiyyar ma nasa ne. Ya ƙirƙira sabon kida, analysis hanyoyin, fasahar Labs, yi nazari a kan tsarin da al'amarin.

Babban gudunmawar Berzelius a kimiyyar zamani ne don bayyana ma'ana dangane tsakanin yawa sinadaran Concepts da gaskiya cewa ze alaqa da juna, kazalika da samar da sabon Concepts da sovershenstovanie sinadaran alamomin.

Wajen da a ci gaba da cigaban dan Adam

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, babban Soviet masanin kimiyya ne da ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen raya wata sabuwar kimiyya - geochemistry. A matsayin halittu, masanin kimiyya, bincike, wani masanin halitta da horo, Vladimir Ya halitta biyu sabuwar kimiyya shugabanci - biogeochemistry da geochemistry.

Ma'ana daga kwayoyin halitta, a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi, da kuma sararin samaniya ya zama tushen domin gudanar da bincike a cikin wadannan sciences, wanda aka nan da nan a gane yadda muhimmanci da kuma zama dole. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky bincikar dukan tsarin sunadarai abubuwa, da kuma sanya su a cikin kungiyoyin su shiga a cikin abun da ke ciki na Duniya ta ɓawon burodi.

Shakka kira Vernadsky ta aiki a wani musamman filin ba zai iya zama, ya yi a rayuwa, da kuma halitta da kuma wani sunadarai, da kuma wani tarihi da kuma gwani kan kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Place a ci gaba da cigaban dan Adam da aka gano da kimiyya a matsayin influencing duniya kewaye da mu, kuma ba a hade tare da wani sauki kallo da kuma batun da dokoki na halitta, kamar yadda kafin da aka dauke shi a duniyar kimiyya.

Nazarin man fetur da kuma ci firtsi mask

Tarayyar Soviet Academy of Sciences Zelinskiy Nikolay Dmitrievich ya kafa petrochemistry kuma Organic catalysis, halitta a kimiyya makaranta.

Nazarin asalin mai binciken a fagen kira na hydrocarbons, halayen nuna alpha-amino acid - shi ne mai abin yabo na Nikolai Dmitrievich.

A 1915, masana kimiyya Ya halitta a carbon mask. A lokacin da gas kai hare-hare ta Birtaniya da kuma Jamus a yakin duniya na farko a kan fagen da aka mutuwa da yawa sojoji: 12 000 mutane zauna da rai kawai 2000. Zelinskiy Nikolay Dmitrievich, tare da masanin kimiyyar VS Sadikov ɓullo da wani Hanyar ci calcination da kuma kwantar da shi a cikin tsarin samar da wani gas mask. Miliyoyin Rasha sojoji rayar da aikace-aikace na wannan sabuwar dabara.

Zelinsky aka bayar uku Tarayyar Soviet Jihar Prize da sauran lambobin yabo, da lakabi na Hero of Socialist Labor da kuma girmama ma'aikaci na kimiyya, an nada wani girmamawa wakilin Moscow Society of Naturalists.

A ci gaba da sinadaran masana'antu

Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilievich - an yi fice a Rasha masanin kimiyya. Ya ya instrumental a cikin ci gaban da sinadaran masana'antu a Rasha, ya bude naphthenes, a-zurfin da cikakken nazari na Caucasian man fetur.

Yana da aka shirya a Rasha Rasha Chemical Society a 1868, godiya ga wannan masanin kimiyya. A rayuwarsa ya samu ilimi digiri, ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin sunadarai. Ya kare da dama theses cewa an sanya a cikin ci gaban kimiyya babbar gudunmawar. A batu theses nazarin sun kasance a isomerism m acid, kazalika da juna rinjayar kwayoyin halitta a sinadaran mahadi.

A lokacin yakin, Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilevich aka aika zuwa bauta a cikin asibitin sojoji. Akwai ya jagoranci disinfection aiki, kuma ya sha wahala daga typhoid kamuwa da cuta. Ya sha wahala mai wuya rashin lafiya, amma bai bar sana'a. Bayan shekaru 25 na sabis Markovnikov aka bar a sabis don wani 5 shekaru, saboda wani kyakkyawan ilimi na kasuwanci da kuma kwarewa.

A Moscow University, Vladimir lectured a Faculty of Physics da lissafi da kuma yanã gudãna a sashen mika Farfesa Zelinskii saboda Jihar kiwon lafiya na masanin kimiyyar ya daina mafi kyau. Daga cikin manyan binciken masanin kimiyya - samun suberona, da ya kwarara mulki a sakamakon tsakiyan nonon halayen da kuma canzawa (dokoki Morkovnikova), gano wani sabon aji na gudanar da mahadi - naphthenes.

A dauki tsakanin gas da kuma sunadarai na siminti

Mashãwarta Faransa masanin kimiyya Henri Lui Le Chatelier ya zama majagaba a filin daga sunadarai a nazarin da matakai na konewa, kazalika da nazarin sunadarai na siminti.

The matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin halayen tsakanin gas, kuma suka zama abu na gudanar da bincike masanin kimiyya.

Babban ra'ayin, wanda yake shi ne ja layi da ya faru a dukan ayyukan Henri Lui Le Chatelier - wannan kusa dangane da binciken kimiyya da matsalolin da suke da manyan al'amurra a cikin masana'antar. Littafinsa "Kimiyya da Industry" shi ne m yanzu a tsarar masana kimiyya.

The masanin kimiyyar ya kebe da yawa lokaci zuwa binciken da halayen faruwa tare da firedamp. All matakai da za su iya faruwa da gas - ƙonewa, konewa, harin - da aka yi karatu a daki-daki ta Anri Lui da wannan metallurgical da kuma sababbin hanyoyin da aka samarwa thermal injiniya lissafin. The masanin kimiyyar ya lashe san kuma daraja ba kawai a Faransa ba, amma a duk faɗin duniya.

jimla sunadarai

Founder na da ka'idar orbitals zama John Lennard-Jones. Wannan Birtaniya masanin kimiyya na farko hypothesized cewa kwayoyin electrons ne a kan raba orbitals, wanda ya kasance a cikin kwayoyin da kanta, maimakon mutum kwayoyin halitta.

A ci gaba da jimla sinadaran hanyoyin - da abin yabo daga cikin Lennard-Johns. A karo na farko shi ne Dzhon Edvard Lennard Dzhons fara amfani da connection a cikin Charts tsakanin electron matakan kwayoyin da m matakan da asali kwayoyin halitta. A surface na adsorbent da adsorbate zarra zama batun bincike masanin kimiyya. Ya sa a gaba a cikin jarrabawa cewa zai iya zama tsakanin abubuwa na da sinadaran bond, da kuma sadaukar da yawa ayyukan ƙwarai a cikin hujja da ya jarrabawa. A lokacin da ya aiki ya aka nada wani memba na Royal Society of London.

The masana kimiyya

A general, da sunadarai ne kimiyya da nazarin hira da daban-daban abubuwa canza su harsashi da sakamakon samu bayan da dauki. Babban chemists na duniya sun sadaukar da rayuwarsu ne wajen wannan horo.

Chemistry sha'awar, gumãkan da su unexplored Manila, lafiya hade tare da dadi san ko su wanene sakamakon, wadda mamaki, ko bambanci, a matsayin sa ran, da masu bincike zo. Nazarin da kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin, sunadarai abubuwa, abun da ke ciki, su dangane zabin da kuma da dama sauran gwaje-gwajen da ya jagoranci masana kimiyya zuwa wani muhimmanci samu, sakamakon abin da muka ji dadin yau.