Anglo-Saxon tarihi, nahawu da wani gajeren kamus.

Modern Turanci ne muhimmanci daban-daban daga asalin siffan - Old Turanci, ko Anglo-Saxon harshe. A karin misalin wannan - zamanin d Monuments na wallafe-wallafe. Su ne kamar wuya a gane mutum nisa daga binciken na zamanin d wallafe-wallafe. A hoton da ke ƙasa nuna da canje-canje a cikin Zabura 23 ga shekaru 1,000.

Abin da gudummawar da irin bayyananne canji a cikin harshen? A zamani version ne daban-daban daga asali?

Wanne ne zuwa kashi lokaci na Turanci?

Tarihi na Old harshen Turanci ya fara a cikin V karni, tare da na farko Jamus ƙauyuka a cikin ƙasa na zamani Birtaniya. A tsawon lokaci, a karkashin tasirin zamantakewa da siyasa halin da ake ciki harshe ya yi mashi daban-daban canje-canje da aka raba:

• Tsohon Ingilishi lokaci Turanci aka rarraba daga V zuwa VII karni, alama da isowa na Jamus kabilu da kuma zuwan rubutu.
• Middle English lokaci English - daga V zuwa XV karni A wannan lokaci Birtaniya nasara da Normans, da kuma a 1475 ya fara wannan zamanin na bugu.
• Modern English - XV karni - wa yau.

Tsohon Turanci ne halin gaban yaruka cewa ka fito bayan ci daga Birtaniya ta kusassari, Saxons da kuma Jutes. Akwai 4 yarukan: Northumbria, Mercian, Wessex kuma Kent. Biyu na farko ya ce Ingila, amma saboda gaskiyar cewa da yankin su zama sun nisa daga juna, da dama rarrabe siffofin bayyana a cikin kowane daya daga gare su. A Wessex ce Sachs, da kuma Kent - utes.

Menene harshen ƙamus?

Masana kimiyya bayar da shawarar cewa Dictionary of Tsohon Turanci kunshi 30,000 zuwa 100,000 kalmomi. Sun kasu kashi 3 kungiyoyin:

• takamaiman Tsohon Turanci kalma samu kawai a wannan harshe.
• Indo-Turai - cikin tsofaffin kalmomi ga sunayen shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da kuma sassan jiki, mataki fi'ilai kuma mai fadi da kewayon numerals.
• Jamus - kalmomi da aka samu kawai a cikin wannan kungiya da kuma rarraba kawai a cikin harsuna na kungiyar.

A Old Turanci sun kasance game da 600 rance daga Celtic da kuma Latin harsuna, abin da ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wadannan abubuwan tarihin.

• Na karni BC. e. Roman Empire karkashin Kalaudiyas mamaye kasar Birtaniya da kuma sanya shi su mallaka. Kasu kashi sansanonin soja ƙasa daga baya ya zama Birtaniya birane: Lancaster, Manchester, Lincoln. End "Caster" da "Chester" na nufin "sansanin" a Latin, da kuma kawo karshen "Coln" - "yarjejeniya".
• V eyelids. Birtaniya suka mamaye ta Jamus kabilu da Saxons, kusassari da Jutes, an yar bab wanda maye gurbin da Celtic harshe. Jamus kabilan kawo a Anglo-Saxon ba kawai your ƙamus amma kuma aro daga Latin: siliki, cuku, da ruwan inabi, laba , man shanu da sauransu.
• 597 shekara. A baza na Kristanci ya kai ga wajibcin aron kalmomi ga addini Concepts: bishop, kyandir, mala'ika, da shaidan, tsafi, take, m da sauransu. Just daga Latin sunayen shuke-shuke da aka dauka, cututtuka, magani, da dabbobi, da tufafi, da iyali abubuwa, jita-jita da kuma kayayyakin: Pine, shuka, Lily, zazzabi, ciwon daji, giwa, raƙumi, hula, raddish da sauransu. Bugu da kari a kai tsaye aron yadu used burbushi - a zahiri fassara kalma. Alal misali, Litinin - short ga Monadie - zahiri translation Lunae Mutu ( "Moon Day").
• 878 shekara. A Anglo-Saxons da Danes sanya hannu a yarjejeniya, a cikin abin da karshen maka wani ɓangare na UK ƙasar. Wannan al'amari yana da wani tasiri a kan harshen da a cikinsa akwai kalmomi kamar aksali, fushi da kuma haduwa da haruffa da kuma sc- sk-. Misalai: fata, kwanyar, sama.
• 790 shekara. Viking hare-hare ya haifar da ci bashin kalmomi jefa, kira, kai, ya mutu. rashin lafiya, mummuna, suka, su. biyu. Wannan lokaci kuma samar da inflections da kuma mutuwa.

Grammar of Tsohon Turanci

Tsohon Ingilishi ya da wani hadadden nahawu kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da na zamani Turanci.

• amfani da lokacin rubuta runic, Gothic da kuma Latin alphabets.
• wakilin suna, suna da siffa bambanta da jinsi.
• fãce ga mufuradi da jam'i shi ma dual jam'i: IC (I) / mu (mu) / wit (mu biyu).
• 5 lokuta: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, kuma ablative.

1. glaed - m.
2. glades - m.
3. gladum - m.
4. glaedne - m.
5. glade - m.

• sunaye, manufofi da kuma magana da karkata dangane da karshen.

A fi'ili tsarin ne daban-daban?

Fi'ilai a Old English, shi ne wani hadadden nahawu tsarin.

1. Fi'ilai kasu kashi karfi, da rauni, da sauransu. Strong da 7 conjugations, rauni - 3, da kuma wasu - 2.
2. Babu wani nan gaba, aka kawai ba da baya.
3. Fi'ili inflected ga mutum da kuma lambarta.

Mene ne daban-daban daga zamani Turanci Old Turanci?

Tsohon Turanci saboda abubuwan tarihin da ya halartar da dama da canje-canje kafin a sayi zamani form. Mene ne bambanci tsakanin zamani nau'i na da harshen asali?

• 5 lokuta bar kawai 2 - shi ne mai kowa da possessive.

• A halin yanzu tsarin babu fi'ili conjugations, maimakon su kasance sababbu fi'ilai.

• Akwai wani nan gaba da cewa shi ne daban-daban daga baya kuma ba rashin ta fi'ili form. Wannan yana nufin cewa a wannan nau'i na aikatau bai sauya ba, da kuma aikatau-mataimaki hidima da kalmar so.

• Akwai wani gerund - m siffofin da fi'ili da kaddarorin wani suna kuma fi'ili.

Abin da kalmomi kunshe a cikin Dictionary na Old Turanci?

UK ƙasar a daban-daban sau mallakar Romawa, da Scandinavians da Jamus kabilu. Abin da kalmomi kunshe a cikin ƙamus?

• Mona - watã - watã.
• brodor - wa - ɗan'uwansa.
• modor - uwa - mahaifiyarsa.
• sunu - dan - da ɗa.
• beon - zama - zama.
• don - yi - aikatãwã.
• IC - I - I;
• twa - biyu - biyu.
• Pet - cewa - wani abu;
• handus - hannunka -ruka.
• clipian - kira - yi kira.
• brid - tsuntsu - tsuntsu.

, Ko da yake na farko da wani babban tasiri a kan samuwar wani biyu duk da cewa Tsohon Turanci da kuma na zamani Turanci harsuna ne matuƙa, daban-daban daga juna.