Alexander Radishchev - marubuci, mawãƙi: biography, kerawa

Alexander Radishchev zauna a takaice in mun gwada rai - an haife shi a 1749 (Agusta 31), ya kuma rasu a 1802 (12 ga watan Satumba). Ya kasance da farko yaro a wani arziki daraja iyali - kakansa Athanasius Prokopievich wani babban mallaki gidaje.

farin ciki da yara

Farkon shekaru kasance a mahaifinsa Estate a Nemtsov kauyen game da Borovsky County Kaluga lardin. The iyali ya kusa-Knit, iyaye - kyau ilmin mutane. Uba, wanda yake magana harsuna da dama, ciki har da Latin, sai aka tsunduma tare da dansa. Boy ya fi so mahaifiyarsa. Kamar yadda aka bude a daraja iyalansu, ya aka sanar a gida - yara koya da Rasha harshen da liturgical littattafai - Psalter da kuma Littafi Hours, to koyi waje harsuna, mafi yawa Faransa, sun gayyace tutors. Kadan Alexander ba sa'a - a cikin sunan wani malamin harshen Faransanci don su aka yi ijara da gudun hijira sojoji.

Basics na mai kyau ilimi

A shekarar 1955 ya bude Moscow University, da kuma Alexander Radishchev aika zuwa Moscow, ga 'yan qasar kawun Mr. Argamakovu uwa wadda ɗan'uwanta shagaltar yayin da post na Director (1955 -1957 shekaru). Kuma shi ya ba da dama ga yara da kuma Argomakovyh Sasha Radishchev a gida domin samun ilmi a karkashin shiryarwar malamai na cikin dakin motsa jiki a jami'a. A shekaru 13 Aleksandr Radischev aka kãwo wa shafukan da hawan zuwa kursiyin a 1762, Catherine II, da kuma aika domin kara horo a kungiyar soja na Pages - a lokacin da mafi babbar ilimi ma'aikata na Rasha Empire, inda ya yi karatu daga 1762 zuwa 1766 shekaru.

jami'a shekaru

Ya kasance mai arziki, aka sauko daga wani tsoho daraja iyali, kuma mafi muhimmanci, shi ne mai kyau dalibi da ya sosai m. Saboda haka, a lokacin da Catherine yanke shawarar aika ƙasashen waje ƙungiyar matasa manya da mutane 12, cikinsu da 6 pages, shi ne daya daga cikin na farko a cikin jerin da aka Alexander Radishchev. A Leipzig, sai ya tafi ya yi nazarin hakkin doka. Duk da haka, baya daga m kimiyya da kuma a cikin zurfin bincike na harsuna da dalibai da aka yarda su hadu kuma bugu da žari da sauran kimiyyar. A. N. Radischev karin azuzuwan zaba magani da kuma sunadarai, a cikin abin da, kamar yadda a cikin harshen, sosai nasara. Shekaru biyar ciyar a Leipzig, suna cike da ilmantarwa, da kuma kamar haka A. N. Radischev ya zama daya daga cikin mafi ilimi maza da lokaci, da kuma ba kawai a Rasha. Akwai, a} asashen waje, ya fara rubuta. A zaunanniya alama, a cikin shekaru da shi sanya abota da Ushakov, wanda shi ne dan kadan mazan, mai hikima da kuma karin ilimi da Alexander da kuma mutuwar da sauran. A cikin memory Radischev Aleksandr Nikolaevich rubuta wani yanki da aka haka da ake kira "Life of Fedora Vasilevicha Ushakova."

Shekaru ransa a Rasha bayan dawowar

A dawowarsa a 1771 A. N. Radischev tare da abokinsa Mikhail Kutuzov shiga sabis a St. Petersburg majalisar dattijai, inda suka yi ba aiki na dogon lokaci domin dalilai da dama. Daga kasashen waje Radishchev koma freethinker. A 1773 ya shiga cikin doka shawara ga hedkwatar Finnish division, located in Saint Petersburg, inda ya yi ritaya a 1775. Yana wani lokaci Pugachev tawaye da ta danniya. A lokacin wadannan shekaru, Radischev Aleksandr Nikolaevich yi da dama da fassarorin, ciki har da "Tunani a kan Greek tarihi," Bonnot de Mably. Yana radishchev hankali zama daya daga cikin mafi kwazo da kuma m mutane suka yi la'akari da babban mugunta Rasha autocracy da serfdom. Bayan ritaya A. N. Radischev aure 'yar'uwar wani aboki wanda ya yi karatu a Leipzig. A 1777 ya shiga St. Petersburg Kwastan, inda ya yi aiki har 1790 da kuma dosluzhivaetsya ga post na da darektan. Akwai ya sanya abokai da Count A. R. Vorontsovym, wanda zai goyi bayan Rasha Falsafa da kuma zurfin tunani ko da yana gudun hijira a Siberia.

Babban samfurin na rayuwa

Ko da a cikin 1771, mun ga hasken na farko sassa na babban aikin, wanda aka rubuta ta hanyar Alexander Radishchev. "Journey daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow" mutum surori da aka buga a cikin St. Petersburg "fenta" mujallar. A cikin 80-90s na XVIII karni a Turai akwai wani unusually manyan zamantakewa karfafa, juyin juya hali, na farko a Amurka, sa'an nan a Faransa bi daya bayan daya. Shan amfani da wani m sauyin yanayi domin gabatarwa da ra'ayoyi na 'yanci, Radishchev farawa a gida bugu gidan (a halin yanzu Marata Street), kuma a watan Mayu 1790 kan sarki 650 kofe na littafin. "Letter to a Friend" A baya can, wannan hanya da aka buga. Wane ne ba su saba da kalmar "Eh, yana da wani 'yan tawaye mafi sharri daga Pugachev!" Furta da Catherine II bayan karanta wannan yanki. Kamar yadda wani sakamako daga gare ta, A. N. Radischev aka kurkuku a cikin Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja, da kuma yanke masa hukumcin kisa. Sa'an nan da "m" Empress ya maye gurbin ta 10-shekara gudun hijira a Siberia, tare da rashi na wani suna na nobility, duk da umarni, da kuma jihar regalia.

Littafin The Ka ce wa-Tale

Books wulãkantu marubucin ya halaka. Amma kofe bayar Radishchev, da sauri sayar fita, don haka mutane da yawa kofe da aka yi tare da su cewa a yarda A. S. Pushkinu ya bayyana gaskiya: "Radishchev - maƙiyi ga bautar - tsere katsalandan!". Kuma watakila, babban Rasha mawãƙi aka Magana game da gaskiyar cewa m, bayan sun duba wurin littafi, na yanke shawarar cewa wannan shi ne mai shiryar da birnin, kamar yadda ya bada jerin sunayen da ƙauyuka located tare da hanya. Ko don sun tsira 70 irin lists. Sa'an nan A. S. Suvorinym a 1888 samu izinin nuna 100 kofe na wannan littafin, da zato kawai ga connoisseurs da masoya na Rasha wallafe-wallafe. Abin da yake haka outraged littafin haskaka Empress? The labari ya bayyana munin serfdom, wani mai wuce yarda da wuya rayuwa na manoma, a Bugu da kari, cikin littafin yana dauke da wani kai tsaye denunciation na tsarism. To rubuta, cike da witty caustic jawabinsa, kuma ba ya barin kowa sha'aninsu dabam. Yana hada da "Liberty" da kuma "Kalmar game da Lomonosov". Na'am, kuma ba har sai wannan autocracy irin exposures.

Incorrigible swinger

Radishchev, waɗanda ayyukansu, shayari, falsafar treatises, odes, ciki har da "Liberty", daga nan ya ƙone da ƙasa takarda Mills, a zaune a Ilim kurkuku. Amma a nan sai aka samu izini da Count Vorontsov nazarin rayuwa na 'yan asalin mazaunan Siberia, da cinikayya hanyoyi a arewacin yankunan da sararin kasa da kuma yiwuwar ciniki tare da kasar Sin. Ya kasance a nan, har ma a nasa farin ciki. A kurkuku shi aka rubuta mai yawa ban mamaki ƙwarai, kuma zuwa gare shi (da shi ya kasance wani mutum mai takaba) ya zo wurin yar dangi, domin brighten sama da Loneliness na yake gudun hijira. Wanda ya koma kursiyin Paul na, wanda ya ƙi mahaifiyarsa, na koma zargi Falsafa, amma ba tare da hakkin ya fita daga iyali gida zuwa Nemtsov. Alexander na ba kawai ya A. N. Radischevu cikakken 'yanci, amma kuma gayyace shi zuwa aiki a cikin Shirin zanen da dokokin da hukumar.

Kashe kansa ko m tsõro

Link ya canza ba da marubuci ta ra'ayoyi da kuma shan kashi a cikin Shirin zanen na dokokin, Alexander Radishchev, biography ne cike da gudu-ins da iko da ya zama, da ya rubuta "m ulozhenija aikin." Yana bayyana ra'ayin daidaici da duk gaban doka, game da bukatar 'yancin magana da latsa, da sauran "free tunani" da cewa haka ya fusatar da shugaban kasar na Hukumar Count P. V. Zavadskogo cewa ya yi barazanar marubucin wani gudun hijira a Siberia. Ko cin mutunci ya ƙasƙantarwa, ko jijiyoyi zurfin tunani karshe sallamãwa, kuma kiwon lafiya da aka mai tsanani damuwa, ko yana da wani abu sosai m ya samu a gudun hijira, amma A. N. Radischev zo gida, ya aka guba da shan guba. Very bakin ciki labarin. Duk da haka, akwai wani version cewa ya nuna kagarar mafi girma mutum na lokacin, ruhu - ya ba zai kashe kansa, da kuma bisa ga kuskure sha don kwantar da hankali, yana tsaye a gaban gilashin vodka. Kuma shi ya da "Ruwa regia" m da mutane, dafa shi da kuma bar wa ne ɗan fari na da marubuci ga maido da tsohon epaulettes. Very bakin ciki labarin.

A kyau da kuma babban mutum

A da ayyukan, A. N. Radischev ya damu game da al'amurran da suka shafi ilimi. Ya aka dauke kafa na Rasha neman sauyi xa'a da ilmi, kazalika da pedagogy. Tare da tsanani da bincike, falsafar treatises ƙyacẽwa, tsawatawar tsarism da serfdom Radishchev, wanda waqe suna cike da soyayya ga mutane, kuma yanayi, da kuma rubuta yara songs, ya aka funny waqe, riddles, ƙirƙira daban-daban wasanni da kuma gasa.

Wancan ne, wani mutum ya kaunace rayuwa, amma so shi ya zama gaskiya to duk mutanen da aka ba wulakantar da mutum serfdom a Rasha. Excellent labarin a kan A. N. Radischeve rubuta A. S. Pushkin.