Aiyuka art - abin da yake da shi? Arts and crafts kuma da jinsin

Arts and crafts - wani m sashe na art rufe daban-daban duniyoyin da m aiki da kuma mayar da hankali kan samar da kayayyakin utilitarian yanayi. Ado matakin na irin kayayyakin ne yawanci quite high. Collective lokaci hadawa iri biyu arts - crafts da kuma ado. A farko yana da siffofin na m aikace-aikace, na biyu ne aka yi nufi ga ado da mutum yanayi.

Kerawa da kuma amfani

Aiyuka art - abin da yake da shi? Da farko, shi ne abubuwa wanda halaye ne kusa da m style, kuma su nufi shi ne quite bambancin. Vases, da tuluna, jita-jita, ko sets na lafiya china, kazalika da yawa wasu kayayyakin ne ado falo, kitchen, dakuna kwana da kuma yara da dakuna. Wasu abubuwa iya zama ayyukan asali art, kuma duk da haka nasa ne da category na amfani da zane-zane.

The m ikon yinsa, daga ayyukan

Aiyuka art - abin da yake da shi daga ra'ayi na master? Laborious m tsari, ko sauki crafts sanya daga kayan a hannunka? Lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, shi ne wani aiki na fasaha, na kirki daga cikin mafi girma yabo. Utilitarian nufi samfurin ba detract daga ta isa yabo. Arts and crafts - mai fadi da kewayon ayyuka ga artists kuma sculptors, designers, da stylists. Musamman prized m ayyukan art halitta a cikin guda kwafin. A lokaci guda, da kayayyakin kera a jerin, an ranked kamar tsarabobi.

Kayan ado a cikin gidan

Arts and crafts - abin da shi ne, idan muka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ado cika gida yanayi? Za mu iya ce tare da amincewa da cewa duk kayayyakin da abubuwan da suke kewaye, daidai da dandani na mutanena da suke kusa da kusanci da su, kamar yadda wani mutum yayi kokarin kewaye da kansu tare da kyau abubuwa. Arts and crafts ba da damar a yi ado da wani gidan, ofishin sarari, wani hutu yankin. Musamman hankali ne ya biya zuwa da zane na wurin yara.

Kuma, a karshe, amfani art - abin da yake da shi a cikin jama'a ta fahimtar? Wannan nuni, nune-nunen, bikin da kuma wasu jama'a da suka faru, suna a haɗe zuwa al'ada. Fine Arts and Crafts kerawa qara matakin na da cigaban dan Adam, da inganta harkokin samuwar ya ado dandano. Bugu da kari, jarrabawa na farfado kara rura wutar Outlook. Kowane nuni da aiyuka art - a saba da jama'a da sabon nasarori a fagen m halittar. Irin abubuwan ne na musamman muhimmancin ilmantar da ƙaramin tsara.

A kadan tarihi

Folk Arts and Crafts samo asali a cikin Rasha kauyuka. Wasu sauki gida-girma crafts master sana'a sau da yawa classified a matsayin kayayyakin a cikin category "Arts and crafts". Misali mai kyau jama'a style ne don haka ya kira Dymkovo abun wasa - canza launin cockerels, Figures, ado na ja lãka.

Fishing ne kafe a baya, ya kasance fiye da shekaru hudu. Akwai wani tsoho jama'a art abubuwa saboda kasa hutu "Whistler", lokacin da dukan mace yawan lepilo lãka whistles zuwa wannan rana a cikin nau'i na kaji, da tumaki, da dawaki. Idi dade kwana biyu.

A tsawon lokaci, da bikin ya rasa ma'anarsa, da kuma jama'a-shafi art ci gaba da bunkasa. A halin yanzu Dymkovo art kayayyakin kewaya a samar jam'iyya "Vyatka abun wasa". Products al'ada rufe da farar ƙasa da fenti da haske, arziki launuka.

Graphic-zane-zane da kuma crafts

Products na kasa art a asalin siffan, kamar yadda mai mulkin, su ne tushen domin sayar da ayyukan. Fairy-tale haruffa ƙirƙira by mazaunan Rasha kauyuka, an nuna a cikin shahararrun Palekh kwalaye, Zhostovo farantansa, katako, Kokhloma kayayyakin. Amfani art na Rasha a hanyoyi da yawa, kowane yanki a kansa sha'awa, da samfurin na Rasha Masters ne a high bukatar da waje haraji.

"Kiss halitta wadata" - wannan magana ba zai iya zama mafi alhẽri nuna halin da ake ciki a fagen jama'a Arts and Crafts na Rasha. Alal misali, art aiki a gzhel style rare a duniya domin da dama ƙarni. Shahararren blue da fari vases, faranti, shayi da kuma kofi sets ne maraba a kowane gida, da kuma musamman m samfurori ne girman kai na haraji. Shi ne har yanzu m abin da aiyuka art - aiki, craft ko m kerawa. A gaskiya, kowane abu bukatar wasu kokarin haifar da shi, kuma idan ya zama dole to ba siffar m darajar.

Arts and Crafts a cikin gandun daji

A wasu lokuta, m batutuwa za a iya juya zuwa ƙaramin tsara. Na musamman darajar ne kayayyakin sanya ta yara ta hannunsu. Bukatunsu peculiar to maza da mata na makarantar kafin shekaru, butulci fantasy gauraye da wani so su bayyana abin da deepest ji tashi zuwa Masterpieces. Kids Arts and Crafts wakilta zane, plasticine figurines, kwali mutum Figures - wannan shi ne hakikanin m kerawa. Yau, duk a kan Rasha gasa, wanda ya unsa kananan "painters" da "sculptors".

Littafi Rasha aiyuka art

Photos, daguerreotypes, etchings, zana rubutu, kwafi, kazalika da yawa wasu misalai - shi ne ma m kerawa. Products iya zama sosai daban-daban. A wannan yanayin, dukkan su sõyayya da na ga zaman jama'a da kuma al'adu rayuwa karkashin lakabi - arts da sana'o'i. Aiki a wannan yanki da musamman jama'a style. Ba abin mamaki duk da zane-zane da kuma crafts dauki saiwoyinsa a Rasha lardin a cikin kauyuka. A samfurin za a iya gano homegrown sauki da kuma rashi na pretentiousness cewa wani lokacin yakan faru a cikin ayyukan lafiya art. Duk da haka, da Folk art matakin ne babban isa.

A Rasha ado art ne na tattalin arziki da ikon kasar. Kasa ne a jerin babban kwatance na jama'a Arts and Crafts, wanda sun samu amincewar kasashen duniya da kuma ake fitar dashi a kan wani m sikelin.

1. Lac yan hotuna a kan wani katako tushe (Paleh, Mstera, Fedoskino).
2. Zhostovo art zanen a kan karfe, Limoges enamels, enamel.
3. Khokhloma, Gorodets, Mezen art jerin a kan wani itace.
4. Gzhel, filimonovo wasa, Dymkovo abun wasa - art zanen a kan tukwane.

Palekh

Palekh jama'a art craft bayyana a cikin Rasha bude sarari a farkon karni na 20th. Ma'adanin na lacquer juna fito a cikin karamin kauye na Ivanovo lardin karkashin sunan Palekh. Fishing ya ci gaba da iconographic art, wanda yana da saiwoyinsa a pre-Petrine sau. Daga baya, Palekh Masters halarci zanen da faceted bẽne, na Moscow Kremlin, Novodevichy sufi, Cathedrals Triniti-Sergius Lavra.

A juyin juya halin na 1917 soke iconography, da artists sun fita daga aiki. A 1918, da Palekh m sana'a guild aka halitta, a cikin abin da fentin katako da sana'o'i. Sa'an nan sana'a koya yadda za ka ƙirƙiri da kwalaye na papier-mache da fenti da su a cikin style of yan hotuna ta amfani da na gargajiya icon-zanen fasaha.

A shekarar 1923, lacquer miniatures da aka gabatar a All-Russian noma da kuma masana'antu nuni, wanda ya karbi diploma na 2nd digiri. Kuma bayan shekaru biyu, Palekh kwalaye da aka nuna a Paris, a Duniya Nunin.

Nasarar da sabon abu art kayayyakin ya zama wani tutu ga halittar kungiyoyin "Palekh artists Union" da "Palekh art nazarinsa" a Art Asusun na Tarayyar Soviet.

Fedoskino

Tare da wannan kalma hade Rasha lacquer zanen da mai-tushen paints. Fishing bayyana a cikin wani kauye da ke kusa Moscow Fedoskino a cikin biyu da rabi na 18th karni. Figure ne amfani da kayayyakin da aka yi da papier-mache, sa'an nan varnished a dama yadudduka.

Fara art Fedoskino miniatures sa Rasha m PI Korobov, wanda yake a cikin Jamus birnin Braunschweig, da kuma koyi inda fasahar don ƙirƙirar wani snuff bisernits, kwalaye da kuma sauran abubuwa ado da kyau hotuna.

Fedoskino fenti da aka fentin a matakai huɗu: na farko shi ne wani shaci jawo ( "zamalevok") bi cikakken nazari ( "peremalovka"), a glaze - m Paint shafi, da karshen tsari - blikovka yada karin bayanai da kuma inuwa a cikin hoton.

Fedoskinskya jawo dabara ya shafi yin amfani da nuna Layer podkrasochnogo aka gyara: zinariya tsare, wani karfe foda ko potal. A wasu lokuta, da maigida zai iya yin rufi na nacre. M lessirovochnomu Paint tare da rufi ƙirƙirar musamman sakamako mai zurfi haske. A Paint Layer aka jaddada baki bango.

Mstera

Don haka ya kira Rasha jama'a craft, wanda ya bayyana a cikin tsakiyar 18th karni a Vladimir lardin. Yana duk fara da "tausayin haruffa" - kankanin gumaka da portrayal na kowane daki-daki. Bayan da 1917 da juyin juya halin, lokacin da ba bukatar iconography, Mstera koma kwalaye da kuma papier-mache. Figure ne amfani tempera Paints, gauraye da kwai yolks. By tsakiyar karni na 20th karshe kafa fasahar Mstera lacquer miniatures.

Babban ka'idodinta zane aka fassara tare da raba haihuwarka tracings a farfajiya na samfurin, bi da "roskrysh" kai tsaye da ake ji da juna. A na gaba mataki - cikakken zanen. Kuma a karshe, "Plavi" - karshe zanen da blikovkoy hada da melted zinariya (zinariya tsantsa foda). A ƙãre samfurin da aka mai rufi da m varnish zuwa shida yadudduka da matsakaiciyar bushewa sa'an nan goge.

Halayyar ãyõyi Mstiorskya zanen - ado kafet, da dabara play da launuka da uku launi makircinsu amfani a canza launi: yellow ocher, ja da azurfa-blue. jawo jigogi classic: tatsuniyoyi, tarihi Monuments, gine.

Zhostovo

Mutane kama kifi Zhostovo - wani karfe farantansa, fentin a wani musamman style. Zhostovo art samo asali a cikin farkon karni na 19th, a cikin kauyuka na Ikklesiya na Triniti a Moscow. Mazauna uku kauyuka (Ostashkovo, Zhostovo da Khlebnikovo) tsunduma a cikin yi da articles sanya daga fentin papier-mâché. Kuma a cikin studio Vishnyakov 'yan'uwa ya fara yin trays sanya na tin da wani m juna.

Vishnjakova price list hada biyu da dozin daban-daban kayayyakin daga karfe da kuma papier-mâché, suka duka fentin, kyau yi wa ado da kuma a high bukatar a bikin, yayin da a cikin foreground ya ko da yaushe fentin tire.

Zhostovo zanen - wani fure theme a dama versions: a furannin lambu furanni "vraskidku" garland braided wreath. Wild shuke-shuke zarcewa a raba abun da ke ciki.

Flowers a kan tire duba halitta saboda da nazarin kananan details. A palette launuka da yin amfani da iyakar jikewa. Fage ne kullum baki, suna yi wa ado da wani openwork tire baki alamu, kayan lambu, ko stylized itace tsarin. Zhostovo tire ne ko da yaushe fentin da hannu da kuma ne m aiki na gwaninta.

Khokhloma

Wannan sunan da aka bai wa Rasha jama'a craft, mikewa baya ga farkon 17th karni. Khokhloma zanen ne mafi rikitarwa da kuma tsada dukkan data kasance hanyoyin. M crafts - shi ne mai dogon m aiwatar da dangantaka da aiki na itace, Multi-Layer share fage da kuma canza launi mai.

A masana'antu tsari ta fara da Kokhloma masana'antu preforms. Na farko, da master doke yatsu, watau kolyat gatari katako tubalan. Sa'an nan da workpiece ne machined to da ake so size da kuma siffar. Sarrafa workpiece kira "lilin". Bayan nika su gashi da musamman ruwa lãka kuma bushe. Sa'an nan riga primed blank ne mai rufi da dama yadudduka na linseed man fetur tare da matsakaiciyar bushewa. Wannan ne bi da tin plating ko shafa tabbata daga cikin aluminum foda, bayan da samfurin zama fari-specular launi. A wannan mataki shi ne a shirye domin zanen.

Primary launuka Khokhloma - yana da baki da kuma ja (baki da kuma cinnabar), na biyu na Paint: zinariya, ruwan kasa, haske kore da kuma rawaya. Brush yayin da yin amfani da bakin ciki sosai (sanya na musamman na kurege wutsiyoyi), kamar yadda amfani da shanyewar jiki kawai m touch.

Case jawo ciki - Rowan berries, viburnum, strawberries, kananan ganye, siririn, dan kadan mai lankwasa kore mai tushe. All kõma mai haske, m launuka, da contours suna a fili gano. Hoton da aka gina a kan manufa da bambanci.

Gzhel

Wannan ne mafi mashahuri jama'a craft, gargajiya Rasha samar cibiyar m tukwane. Yana bautarka a sararin yankin kunshi 27 kauyuka a karkashin sunan Gzhel daji kilomita 60 daga Moscow.

Gzhel wuri domin ƙarni kasance shahara adibas na high-sa lãka Fit domin Pharmaceutical tasoshin. A 1770 Gzhel alƙarya ƙasashe da aka sanya wa Apothecary domin. Sa'an nan a Gzhel kauyen kafa samar da tubalin, kumar kasko, bututu, kuka tiles da wasa har zuwa Moscow.

Utensils daga Gzhel lãka ya yi kyau musamman, hur kuma m. A farkon karni na 19th a cikin Ikklesiya, akwai 25 da tsire-tsire samar da glassware. Da kusanci na Moscow ya kara kuzari da ci gaban yi lãka kayayyakin, bikin a babban birnin sayar m bowls, faranti, jita-jita da sauran kitchen kayayyakinsa.

Gzhel abun wasa a lokacin da aka sanya na sharar gida houseware samar. Babu komai nawa lãka ko hagu, duk an yi amfani ga yin tallan kayan kawa cockerels, kaji, da na tumaki, da na awaki. Da farko, handicraft nazarinsa aiki erratically, amma nan da nan da aka samu a tabbataccen layi a samar. Raw karfe girbi musamman domin tsarabobi, mayu ma sun qware a kan profile daga cikin mafi nemi-bayan kayayyakin.

White m dawakai, da mutummutumai da aka fentin a launi daban-daban kamar dai akwai cobalt, duniya Paint. M mai haske blue color ne mafi kyau a hade tare da dusar ƙanƙara-fari enamel yanki. A cikin 50s na karshe karni artists gaba daya watsi da duk wasu launuka da kuma fara amfani da poglazurnoy cobalt blue canza launi. Muradi gane haka zai iya zama sosai daban-daban, a wani topic.

sauran Crafts

Da bakan Rasha jama'a Arts and Crafts Arts and Crafts ne unusually m. Ga kuma m Kasli simintin, kuma stamping da abubuwa blotches. intarsia da marquetry dabaru ka damar haifar da ban mamaki zane-zane da kuma bangarori. Rasha aiyuka art - sararin al'adu sashen dutsen da kasa, da arziki na al'umma.