A shekaru dala: siffofin da kuma iri na shekaru Tsarin

A mafi muhimmanci alƙaluma Manuniya na alheri, na yawan jama'ar ke da shekaru. Ilimin halayyar, karatu da shi, yana amfani da dama hanyoyin, ciki har da shekaru dala, wanda ba ka damar ganin tafiyar matakai na haifuwa na yawan kuzarin kawo cikas.

A ra'ayi na shekaru a ilimin halayyar da Demography

Age yawan da mutum - muhimmanci Manuniya ga ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da kuma tunani. A shekaru matsayi ne tushen da yawa na zamantakewa matsayin cewa shafi zamantakewa dangantaka. Yawan shekaru rayu tare da bayyanar mutumin a cikin haske kayyade matsayinsu a alumma da kuma bukatar da kisan wasu halayyar. Akwai da dama iri na shekaru:

- cikakkar, ya ke fasfo ko kalanda. Wannan ilimin lissafi shekara a yawan rayu lokaci na haihuwa.

- nazarin halittu, ko shekaru na ci gaba, da antithesis na kalandar, ma'ana mataki na morphologic ci gaban kwayoyin da a wani lokaci a cikin rayukansu.

- shafi tunanin mutum, tabbatas da ci gaban da hankali da tunani, a kuma wani lokaci na rayuwa.

- zamantakewa, halin da matakin na zamantakewa nasarori ga talakawan mutum na da musamman shekaru.

Category shekaru a ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da kuma demography damar amsa tambayoyi game da yawan trends na ci gaba da kuma zuwa ga hasashen da motsi na al'umma a nan gaba.

A ra'ayi na shekaru tsarin da jama'ar

Age Tsarin - shi ne zabin da kungiyoyin na mutane da yawan shekaru. Domin da farko lokacin da wannan hanya na yawan rarrabuwa da aka yi amfani da zamanin d China, inda da farko shekaru sikelin da aka kõma sama, shi ya hada 6, saukarwa: matasa, aure shekaru, da kisan jama'a aikinsu, da shekaru na sanin nasu kuskure, na karshe m shekaru, so shekaru da kuma tsufa. Tuni a wannan makirci ya nuna cewa yana da shekaru tsarin - wani muhimmin nuna alama na zaman jama'a aiki na da mutum. Littafi ilimin halayyar Highlights irin wannan lokaci kamar yadda yara, matasa, balaga da kuma tsufa. Don shirya daban-daban da bincike ayyuka, da kuma sauran malamai sun gano matakai na cigaban dan Adam a kan lokaci. Yau masana kimiyya magana da shekaru tsarin da jama'ar kasashe daban-daban a tantance bambanci tsakanin su, da gina shekaru pyramids cewa taimake ya bayyana da muhimmancin alƙaluma tafiyar matakai. Kalmar "shekaru tsarin da jama'ar" bayyana a cikin karni na 19th, shi tsaye domin rarraba da yawan da takamaiman shekaru da alaka da halaye na kasar da kuma duniya baki daya.

A binciken da yawan shekaru Tsarin

A binciken da shekaru shi ne masomin a cikin binciken na da yawa zamantakewa tafiyar matakai. A binciken da wannan sabon abu ya zama dole to waƙa da muhimmancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da tafiyar matakai, wadda ake bisa YAWAN JAMA'A. Bayani a kan yawan ta shekaru tsarin sa ya yiwu don gano dalilan da ƙaruwa da tayi a cikin takin gargajiya da kuma mace-mace, da kuma neman mafita ga matsalolin da dangantaka da wadannan mamaki.

Yana da muhimmanci domin sanin daidai da abin da manufar da aka tushen yawan dala, cire daga shi matsakaicin na amfani bayanai. Sanin tsarin da jama'ar, yana yiwuwa a hango ko hasashen da kuma shirya domin bunkasar tattalin arzikin ayyuka na jihar da kuma kasuwanci. Wannan bayani zai taimaka hango ko hasashen wanda samfurori da kuma ayyuka iya bukatar a daban-daban lokaci na lokaci, ta samar da kasafin kudin domin daban-daban na zamantakewa amfanin da kuma gina manufofin a kan ci gaban dan Adam babban birnin kasar.

Hanyar na nazarin shekaru Tsarin

Akwai hanyoyin da dama cewa taimake tattara bayani game da shekara, na yawan jama'ar sigogi. A mafi sauki da kuma fi na kowa hanya ne don saka idanu, wanda dogara ne a kan bincike na ilimin kididdiga data. Har ila yau yadu used hanyoyin da questionnaires, cikin shahararrun abin da yake ƙidaya. Kowacce jiha gudanar da lokaci-lokaci ƙidaya, wanda damar tattara bayanai a kan shekaru tsarin da kasar. Mafi sau da yawa, wannan data da aka yi karatu tare da bayani game da jima'i rarraba. Dalilin da yawan dala - su gabatar da bambance-bambance da kuma kamance tsakanin rarraba shekaru daban-daban tsakanin jinsi kungiyoyin. Wannan bayani ba ka damar kimanta tasiri na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki aukuwa da kuma shirya nan gaba zaman jama'a da manufofin.

A ra'ayi na yawan dala

A farko-din-din ƙidaya yawan mutane a kasar na wannan shekara an fara faru a cikin karni na 19th. A 1895, da Scandinavian masanin kimiyya AG Sundberg shawara don haifar da Charts cewa sun tsayayyen tarin guda shekaru a wasu maki a kasar. Haka abin ya fara da yi wa tsayar da shekaru na pyramids. Daga baya akwai wani kara zaɓi na jima'i, wannan sanya shi yiwuwa a kwatanta yawan maza da mata na wannan shekara, don tantance masu kuzarin kawo cikas da jimillar lokacin kiranka na rayuwarsu.

Don shirya da shekaru dala, shi wajibi ne don tattara gwada yawa data da kuma gabatar da shi a cikin wani nau'i na zane. Tsaye shi kiwon da shekaru, da kuma kwance - da yawan mutane. A tushe na dala ne ko da yaushe fadi fiye da sauran, domin shi a tsakanin jarirai, sa'an nan ya fara rage yawan mutanen da lissafta na karshe na tsohon mutumin. Daya kwance mashaya iya nuna yawan mutanen da a kowace shekara, 5, ko 10 shekaru, dangane da bayanai da aka tattara.

Nau'in na shekaru dala

Akwai irin pyramids tare da daban-daban lokaci jinkiri, mafi cikakken ne da irin da wani tazara na shekara 1, amma shi yana bukatar mai yawa aiki don tara bayani, mafi sau da yawa 5 da 10-shekara model. International matsayin bayar da shawarar yin amfani da wani 5-shekara tazara ga yawan kimomi. Shi ne kuma m rarrabe iri pyramids shekaru a cewar wani embodiment na al'umma, akwai model girma yawan, a wannan yanayin da zane ne a matsayin kusa da daidai da dala stably-tsufa tsara, kararrawa-dimbin yawa da ragewa da yawan mutane a cikin nau'i na kwalaye. Wani dalilin da rarrabuwa na da shekaru na pyramids - ne yankuna. Saboda haka, saki alamu na ci gaba da kasashe masu tasowa. Wannan ba ka damar kwatanta yankuna da kuma gano su na asali bambance-bambance. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu a gina da pyramids wasu yawan kungiyoyin, kamar kabilanci al'ummomi da kuma yawon ci-rani.

Growing iri pyramids

Age da kuma jima'i na yawan dala, a cikin abin da ƙaramin tsara mamaye haihuwa, da ake kira m, ko girma. Yawanci, irin kamfanoni suna halin da high haihuwa kudi. Yawan jama'a da irin wannan rates bambanta da yawa matasa, sau da yawa a cikin irin al'ummomin da akwai wani low rayuwa da kuma wani babban mace-mace kudi, kawai karamin sashi na yawan tsira zuwa tsufa. Sau da yawa irin wannan mutum albarkatun haifuwa ake kira sauki ko m, kamar yadda ba ya shiga zamantakewa kariya da kuma tattalin arziki.

Tsit iri pyramids

A tsit shekaru tsarin da jama'ar yana da low ko babu yawan girma kudi. Irin wannan model ne ake kira da gyarawa, tun da shi ne daidai da yawan haihuwar da adadin matasa da kuma tsakiyar-shekaru mutane, kuma da dama daga tsofaffi mutane ne rage matsayin da ta kai 65-70 shekaru, amma ba sharply, amma sannu a hankali. Irin dala nuna matsalolin da haihuwa da kuma bukatar shiga tsakani daga gwamnati, kamar yadda dogon a cikin irin wannan jiha na al'umma, ba, da kuma dala a cikin gaba da irin - tsufa.

Ƙunci iri pyramids

Da dala, wanda slows saukar mace-mace da kuma haihuwa rage-rage, da ake kira tsufa, ko ragewa. A tsarin da al'umma mamaye tsakiyar-shekaru da tsaffi, jarirai, da kuma matasa da kuma kadan a tsawon shekaru, wadannan kasashe tababbe zuwa nau'i nau'i. A cikin wadannan kasashe akwai wani sarari matsala da kayan taimakon tsofaffi kamar yadda matasa, wanda zai bayar da kudi ga asusun fansho, akwai kananan ko ba a duk. Regressive iri jama'a za su iya kai wa ga yawan nau'i nau'i.

Analysis shekaru pyramids

Population ƙidaya da kuma kafa shekaru Charts ba ka damar samun cikakkar da kuma zumunta data. Saboda haka, da bincike na yawan dala da ta kwatanta da baya data ba ka damar gano jimlar yawan jama'a, da kuma yawan halitta girma, mace-mace kudi, girma a yawan mutane na daban-daban mata da maza, akwai manyan sa na ilimin kididdiga bayanai. A bisa ga al'ada, da shekaru dala analysis auku a uku babba canji: haihuwa, mace-mace da kuma hijirarsa. A mafi muhimmanci nuna alama ne da tsawon rayuwa, shi ya ba da wani nuni ne na zamantakewa jindadin kasar. Analysis na pyramids tana taimakawa wajen haskaka mafi muhimmanci da gudummuwa zuwa shekaru da suke da alaka follow-up binciken.

Dala raya ƙasashe

Babban Trend a cikin shekaru tsarin raya ƙasashe - ne tsufa, na yawan jama'ar. Saboda da high quality kiwon lafiya ayyuka da kuma mai kyau misali na rai, rai expectancy na yawan jama'a a wadannan kasashe da aka girma steadily, da shugaban nan ne Japan, inda akwai wata fairly pronounced yawan mutane a kan shekaru 80 da shekaru. A daidai wannan lokaci da haihuwa kudi a raya ƙasashe yake sannu-sannu ragewa. Ko da United States shekaru dala, wanda aka yaushe lura da babban yawan jarirai ya zama na kullum, kuma shi ne wani gangami alama a 'yan shekarun nan. Amurka tsĩrar har da shige da fice na matasa da suke da 'ya'ya, amma a kasa yawa. Amma Turai, musamman arewacin, riga asar waje da kuma nuna komawa da baya model shekaru tsarin.

Dala a kasashe masu tasowa

Jihar na da "na uku a duniya" ne quite daban-daban shekaru tsarin. Jima'i-shekaru dala a irin wannan States da dangantaka da juvenescent irin. Musamman Asian yankuna nuna wani babban har ma da mafi haihuwa kudi da kuma gajeren rayuwa na mutane. China kawai dan kadan prolongs rayuwa, yayin da Indiya, Iran, Vietnam da kuma sauran kasashen dake yankin da sosai low kudi a kan wannan siga. Saboda haka, a nan akwai matsaloli kamar rashin aikin yi, da rashin sosai m ma'aikata, da low misali na rai. Amma ƙarami nahiyar Afrika ne a yau, shi ake dangantawa da high mace-mace da kuma gajeren tsawon rayuwa. Afirka States yi da hanya mai sauƙi na haifuwa, compensating for asarar wata babbar yawan haihuwa.

Rasha shekaru dala

Jima'i-shekaru Rasha dala bambanta daga irin wannan makirci a kasashe da dama gaban da dama zurfin "raunuka" kasawa cikin sharuddan yawan, shi ya bi sawun yaki, kazalika da kasa a bayyane asarar rikicin. Rasha a yau ne hanzari canjawa wuri daga da keken irin a tsufa. A ci gaba da haihuwa kudi, duk da Herculean kokarin da jihar, tir, da kuma rayuwa Hasashen ne na girma sannu a hankali. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa da cewa kasar na da fiye da 60% na yawan - mutane a kan shekaru 65. Wannan shekaru tsari ne fraught tare da m tattalin arziki sakamakon: matasa ne kawai iya samar da tsofaffi. Sociologists ce cewa sararin komai yankunan kasar za su lalle ne, haƙĩƙa jawo hankalin yan gudun hijirar da kuma wannan zai warware matsalolin alƙaluma na kasar, idan ba ka da wani tsanani zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sakamakon irin wannan hijirarsa.

Alƙaluma da matsaloli na wayewar da wasan kwaikwayon na pyramids

Modern shekaru pyramids nuna karara alƙaluma da matsaloli a raya ƙasashe. A tsufa, na yawan jama'ar, a wadannan kasashen za su haifar da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki matsaloli. Yau, Turai shi ne batun da hijirarsa gwajin, wanda taimaka wajen magance matsalar da dole rejuvenation na yawan jama'ar, amma wannan sabon ƙarni ba ya son yin aiki da kuma yi ritaya a Turai. Saboda haka, masu kuzarin kawo cikas na shekaru Tsarin iya canza ga mafi alhẽri, amma zai canza, al'adu da kuma zamantakewa matsayi na yawan jama'a. The tambaya na abin da ya faru da shekaru dala a kasashe masu tasowa a yau karfi tamkar sociologists, kamar yadda wani girma yawan kasashen Afirka da Asiya, ya yi sanadiyyar yawaitar mutane na duniya, wanda entails makawa depletion na albarkatun.