A Adrianople duniya. Ƙarshen yarjejeniya ta Adrianople Peace Treaty

Dangantaka tsakanin Rasha da kuma Daular Ottoman a ko'ina cikin dogon tarihi sun quite hadaddun, kuma sau da yawa siyasa saba wa juna da aka yi niyyar zartarwa a fagen yaƙi. Yawancin lokaci ma'anar batutuwan soja ya kafa ta hanyar kammala yarjejeniyar. Wadannan takardu sun ƙaddara yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a iyakokin daular biyu. Daga cikin su shine Yarjejeniya ta Amirkanci.

Prehistory (karni na 18)

An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta farko tsakanin Rasha da Turkiyya Turkiya a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1713. Bisa ga wannan takardun, an kaddamar da Daular Ottoman zuwa Azov da yankin da ke kusa da sansanin a bakin kogin Oreli. A wannan yanayin, da ƙarshe daga cikin yarjejeniya a 1713 aka dauke diflomasiyya nasarar da Rasha jihar, kamar yadda yuwuwa gwagwarmayar keda daukaka a kan bankunan na kudu-maso-gabashin Baltic. Shekaru bakwai bayan haka, a Constantinople, "zaman lafiya na har abada" an kammala tsakanin kasashen, kuma karni na baya bayan haka akwai abubuwan da suka sa 'yan diplomasiyya suka taru a birnin Adrianople.

Yana duk fara da cewa a watan Oktoba 1827, gwamnatin Ottoman Empire (Port) rufe da Bosphorus ga Rasha Navy. Wannan ya saba wa yarjejeniya ta Akkerman International. Turkish hukuma wajaba su ayyuka da cewa Nicholas I goyi bayan Helenawa fada domin samun 'yancin kai. Sultan Mahmud II ya fahimci cewa hakan yana haifar da rikice-rikicen soja, saboda haka ya umarce shi da ya karfafa ƙarfin soja a kan Danube kuma ya koma babban birnin Adrianople (Edirne). Wannan birni ya shiga tarihi na 'yan adam shekaru da yawa kafin abubuwan da aka bayyana. Bayan haka, ya kasance a kan hanyoyi masu zuwa a karni na 4 na AD cewa yakin Adrianople ya faru, wanda ya ƙare a cikin shan kashi na Roman Empire kuma ya nuna farkon mafita na ƙaura a shirye don yamma.

Harshen Rasha-Turkish (1828-1829)

Nicholas Ba zan iya taimakawa ba sai dai na amsa ga ayyukan haɓaka na Porte. Afrilu 14, 1828 da Rasha Empire hukuma bayyana yaki a kan Turkey. Kwana goma bayan haka, 6th Infantry Corps na Fedor Geismar ya shiga Moldavia, kuma a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, hayewa a Danube ya fara, inda sarki yake kansa.

Bayan haka, sojojin Rasha sun kewaye su da kuma Varna. A cikin layi daya, an gudanar da fada a Anapa da yankunan Asiya na Turkiya. Musamman ma, ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, 1828, aka kama Kars, kuma bayan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci da aka haɗa da annobar annoba, Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, Atskhur, Ardahan, Poti da Bayazet sun fadi ko suka ba da juriya.

Kusan a ko'ina, dakarun Rasha sun maraba da maraba, tun da yawanci yawan al'ummomi a yankunan da yakin suka kasance sun hada da Helenawa, Bulgaria, Serbia, Armeniya, Georgians, Romaniya da wakilan sauran mutanen da suka ce Kristanci. Shekaru da yawa, an dauke su a matsayin 'yan ƙasa na biyu kuma suna fatan samun' yanci daga yakin Ottoman.

Da yake yin la'akari da goyon baya ga yawancin mutanen Girka da na Bulgarian, a ranar 7 ga Agustan 1829, sojojin Rasha, wadanda suka hada da mutane 25,000, suka isa Adrianople. Babban jami'in tsaro bai yi tsammanin irin wannan aikin ba, ya kuma mika birnin, kuma bayan ɗan lokaci Erzrum ya fadi. Nan da nan bayan haka, wakilin Sarkin Sultan ya isa Count Dibich tare da wani tsari don kammala yarjejeniyar da aka sani da Yarjejeniya ta Amirkanci.

Ƙarshen yakin

Duk da cewa shirin da ya kawo karshen yarjejeniyar Adrmananopol ya fito ne daga Turkiyya, Porte yayi kokari tare da dukan ƙarfinsa don jinkirta tattaunawar, yana fatan ya rinjayi Ingila da Austria don tallafawa. Wannan manufar ta samu nasara, tun da Pasha Mustafa, wanda ya ki yarda ya shiga cikin yakin, ya yanke shawarar sanya sojojinsa 40,000 masu karfi a Albania a yunkurin dokar Turkiyya. Ya dauki Sophia kuma ya yanke shawarar matsawa. Duk da haka, Dibich bai rasa kansa ba kuma ya sanar da jakadun Turkiyya cewa idan ba a kammala zaman lafiya na Adrianople kafin ranar 1 ga watan Satumba ba, zai kaddamar da mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunan hali a kan Constantinople. Sultan ya tsoratar da shi da yiwuwar siege babban birnin kasar kuma ya tura jakadan kasar Jamus zuwa rukuni na Rasha tare da bukatar fara shirye-shirye don sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita tashin hankali.

Kammalawa na Adrianople duniya

Ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, 1829, a cikin kuɗin da Dibich ya samu, shi ne Mehmed Sadyk-efendi, babban kwamandan sojin Ottoman, Abdul Kadir-bey. An sanya su izini don shiga yarjejeniyar Adrianople. A madadin Nicholas I takardun ya amince da takardun da aka rubuta na Count A. Orlov da kuma mai kula da lokaci na danube F. P. Palen.

Yarjejeniyar Adrianople (1829): abun ciki

Wannan littafi ya ƙunshi articles 16. A cewar su:

1. Turkiyya ta sake komawa ƙasashen Yammacin Turai a lokacin yakin 1828-1829, ban da bakin Danube tare da tsibirin. Kars, Akhaltsikhe da Akhalkalaki sun ba da kyauta.

2. Daular Rasha ta karbi dukan kogin gabas na Bahar Black, ta fara daga bakin Kuban River har zuwa dutsen St. Nicholas. Ganuwar Anapa, Poti, Sujuk-kale, da garuruwan Akhalkalaki da Akhaltsikhe sun bar ta.

3. Gwamnatin Ottoman ta yarda da rikici zuwa Rasha na Imeretia, Kartli-Kakheti mulkin, Guria da Mingrelia, da kuma Erivan na Iran da Nakhichevan khanates.

4. Turkiyya ya yi alkawarin kada ya hana wannan sashi ta hanyar Bosporus da Dardanelles zuwa jiragen ruwa na Rasha da na kasashen waje.

5. An ba da izini na kasa na jihar Rasha a kasuwanci a duk fadin Ottoman Empire, yayin da ba su da ikon hukumomin gida.

6. Turkiyya ya biya albashi (miliyan 90 na Dutch chervontsi) a cikin shekara daya da rabi.

7. Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi bukatun don saninwa da kuma ba da izini ga Serbia, da kuma tsarin Moldavian da Valaš.

8. Turkiyya ta ki amincewa da duk wani ƙoƙari na taron tarurrukan duniya game da bayar da damar haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Girka.

Ma'ana

Adrianople duniya na da muhimmiyar mahimmanci don bunkasa kasuwancin Black Sea. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ya gama kammala jerin sassan Transcaucasia zuwa Rasha. Matsayin da yake yi a sake gyaran 'yancin kai na Girka yana da matukar muhimmanci, kodayake wannan tsari ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin ka'idar Yarjejeniyar Adrianople ta 1829.