Ruwa domin tsabtace da kuma ruwa bayan tsaftacewa. Kwatanta da ruwan sha, kafin da kuma bayan tsarkakewa

An tsoho karin magana ya ce: Mun - abin da muka ci da kuma abin sha. Wannan rayuwa. Akwai ba zai jayayya, saboda jikin mu ne kusan saba'in da biyar bisa dari - shi ne ruwa. Ba tare da ruwa da mutum zai iya tsira ba fiye da mako guda, kuma a cikin jeji mutu daga dehydration cikin sa'o'i biyu. A ingancin na halitta sha rinjayar da jihar na jikin mutum. Kuma yadda muke rayuwa a dogara a kan abubuwa da yawa, amma da farko, kuma farkon a kan ko da ruwan da muke sha da kuma inda muka shirya kansu abinci.

A batun da ingancin rayuwa

Kwatancen da shan ruwa kafin da kuma bayan jiyya a samar da ruwa da tsarin a da yawa Manuniya ba kwarin gwiwa, da kuma wani lokacin firgita. Kuma wannan shi ne sun fi mayar dogara a kan ingancin ruwanta a wannan yanki da kuma na waje muhalli. . Wannan ake bukata muhalli bincike na yankunan: yadda kusa da su ne tushen manyan masana'antu birane. Ga ruwan karkashin kasa kafofin amsa ga wannan tambaya game da ingancin ruwan bada bincike da kuma lura da ruwa daga rijiyar. Yadda za a tsabtace ruwa, da cewa shi ne mai Hanyar tsabtace shi ne mafi inganci a kuma wani wuri, gaya da biochemical bincike na da kyau zuwa ga magani.

The rahotanni na kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da yawa da cewa magance ruwa quality, suna mugayen Figures. Fiye da tamanin kasashen duniya suna fuskantar matsaloli da suka shafi ta scarcity. Kuma rabin wadannan kasashe su ne kullum a kan gãɓar rãmi na ruwa rikicin. Akwai wani batu game da lambar, ba a ma maganar ingancin da ruwa. Ruwa - duniya da sauran ƙarfi. Saboda haka, m fasahar ruwa shiri da kuma m tsarkakewa daga masana'antu sharar gida da ruwa jiyya tsire-tsire ba kawar da matsalar da ciwon ruwa cutarwa da kuma kawo hadari yawa na ma'adinai (da baƙin ƙarfe, manganese, jan, Mercury, aluminum, da dai sauransu) Kuma kwayoyin abubuwa (ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, da sauransu. ). Virological, bacteriological gwaje-gwaje a cikin kasashe da dama sun nuna cewa wadannan sigogi norms ana mutunta ko'ina. Bukatar ƙarin tsaftacewa a gida, watau. A. Akwai barazana daga cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta, kwayoyin, protozoa, da kuma wasu kwayoyin. A mafi arha hanya na disinfection, chlorination, idan aka gudanar da dokokin take kaiwa zuwa cewa kafa m da kiwon lafiya carcinogenic adadin chlorine mahadi a cikin ruwa. Add a nan da matsalolin muhalli da kuma matsaloli na tabarbarewar samar da ruwa da tsarin na haihuwa masana'antu birane, da kuma ya bayyana yadda gaggawa matsalar. Ruwa domin tsabtace da kuma ruwa ne ba ko da yaushe tsabta bayan haka daban-daban a quality.

Industrial sikelin tsarkakewa

Halitta da ruwa daga kogin (birni ko da yaushe gina kusa da na halitta jikin ruwa) shiga cikin ruwan mashiga. Yana da muhimmanci sosai ga wurinta, da shinge ne da za'ayi cirewa daga dukkan zama gine-gine da kuma kamfanonin a cikin birni, a cikin abin da ake kira tsafta zone. Bayan ci ruwa shiga cikin sedimentation tankuna, a cikinsa na farko tsarkakewa mataki fara. Dangane da ingancin ruwa da ruwa tsarkakewa da kuma bayan tsarkakewa, da ake amfani a wani sump ko ba ta dace reagents. Domin kara girma (coagulation) na dakatar da barbashi a cikin ruwa gabatar a cikin baƙin ƙarfe ko aluminum gishiri. Daga gam tare rabu da mu cutarwa impurities tacewa tashar ta amfani da raga tace an wanke, sanya daga ruwa-tsaka tsaki abu ko bakin karfe. Sa'an nan kuma, finer tacewa don sha ruwa ne da za'ayi amfani da harsashi tace wadda tarko barbashi 5 microns. The ruwa bayan da tace tsaftacewa batun sarrafa stiffness, da baƙin ƙarfe abun ciki don kara tsarkakewa.

Special mataki tsaftacewa - disinfection

Shan ruwa daga famfo a babban masana'antu birni, ko m, amma har yanzu mafi yawansu ba su dandana. Amma da gazawar da aka cika da kiwon lafiya nagartacce - wani al'amari ga kotuna. A kan manyan jiha Enterprises ne baci, amma dole ne nan da nan sanar da mabukaci. Bugu da kari, wasu ruwa bayan tsaftacewa industrially samar ya kai mabukaci, har yanzu dogara sun fi mayar a kan ingancin da bututu a cikin tsarin na gari, mu gidaje da kuma Apartments. Saboda haka, a wuri na musamman a cikin zagayowar tsarkakewa daukan karshe mataki decontamination. The fi na kowa, kuma mafi arha Hanyar disinfection ne chlorination. Amma saboda da karuwa a cikin kudi a kan chlorine-dauke da abubuwa, wannan hanya ba ya inganta ingancin ruwa a kanti. Kwatancen da ruwan sha, kafin da kuma bayan tsarkakewa chlorination wani lokacin shi kiwata tambaya na yadda za a juya wannan a cikin wani sha disinfected ruwa.

ozonation disinfection

Bayan disinfection da chlorine a ruwa nuna organochlorine mahadi wanda ba su rasa yawan guba ko da bayan ya magance na famfo ruwa a cikin gida. Akwai matsaloli na rashin chlorine da magunguna. Wadannan matsaloli hana Hanyar disinfection a lura da shuke-shuke amfani da lemar sararin samaniya magani tsarin. A lokuta da dama, da ozonation da ake amfani a mataki na shiri domin tsaftacewa. Wannan hanya ita ce mafi tasiri da kuma lafiya. Lemar sararin samaniya a isa yawa za a iya samar kai tsaye a wurin shi ne amfani. Ozonation za a iya amfani da a hade tare da sauran oxidants, chlorine, kazalika da duban dan tayi magani da kuma ultraviolet sakawa a iska mai guba. A tabbatacce sakamako a yaki da kwayoyin cuta yana da lemar sararin samaniya taro na 0.4 ml da lita na hudu kawai minti. A ozonization na shan ruwa bayan lura Yana yana extraneous dandano na impurities da kuma kasashen waje kamshi. Shan ruwa ne bayyananne ba tare da compromising da na halitta Properties. Rarar lemar sararin samaniya ne tuba zuwa cikin oxygen, ba tare da impairing palatability ruwa. Dalilin da cewa lemar sararin samaniya decontamination Hanyar da aka yi amfani da kasa da chlorination ne m cewa ba daidai ba Properties na ruwa-ruwa lemar sararin samaniya bayani sa'an nan karatu a daki-daki kamar yadda ruwa tsarkakewa da kuma ruwa tsarkakewa bayan rinjayar da jikin mutum.

Alternative hanyoyin da disinfection

Wanne Hanyar disinfection za i ne m da shan la'akari kudin, yi da, ba shakka, da zama dole yawa na ruwan ruwa. Zai yiwu mafi tsufa Hanyar ne rinjayar ruwa kwayoyin ne ions daga daraja karafa (azurfa). An fahimci cewa wannan hanyar ba za a iya amfani da a kan wani m sikelin. Ko da more rare, saboda rashin tsaro na hanyar ne sterilization da radiation daukan hotuna. Amma ga shan ruwa magani shigarwa na ultraviolet radiation suna ƙara ana amfani da m ruwa mai guba da magani shuke-shuke.

Wuce haddi baƙin ƙarfe a cikin ruwa

A wani yawan kwaminonin a cikin hakar daga ruwan sha daga karkashin kasa, ko surface kafofin na ruwa bayan tsaftacewa da tace don wani lokaci za ta zauna ita sarari, amma sai ya jũya rawaya. Wannan shi ne na farko alamar wani wuce haddi na baƙin ƙarfe ne da shi. Haka kuma, irin wannan ruwa yana takamaiman glandular dandano. Kyalewa wannan matsala ne m ga lafiyar dan adam da kuma ingancin rayuwa, t. Don. Wannan ruwa take kaiwa zuwa wani tabarbarewar iyali kayan da suke amfani da irin wannan ruwa.

Universal hanyoyin da tsarkakewa daga baƙin ƙarfe akwai. Ruwa cirewa daga terrestrial kafofin amfani reagent Hanyar yin amfani da wannan chlorine ko lemar sararin samaniya, a kalla - potassium permanganate ko sodium hydroxide. A ruwa cirewa daga karkashin kasa kafofin, dace da hanyoyin yin amfani da reagents da reagentless irin aeration. Aeration - shi ne wani m iska allura domin oxygenation. A gida, da hanyar da aka yi amfani da tare da wani wuce haddi na ruwa gudu ta hanyar da tace ƙarfe tare na musamman kayan cire oxidized da kuma narkar da baƙin ƙarfe. Bad dandano na ruwa bayan ruwan tsarkakewa tace vuya kusan gaba daya.

tukuru ruwa

Allaha wani wuri, ka ji: abin da ruwa ne m - sabulu ba ta wanke kashe. Amma akwai wani kwano na ƙãra rigidity matsala. Isar da shi a lõkacin bataccen amma kumfa masu yi da kuma m shayi ko kofi a kan wani ruwa, kuma a fili yake cewa shi rage ingancin rayuwar dan Adam. An wuce haddi na ruwa-mai narkewa salts na yin ruwa da wuya. Wannan wucin gadi rigidity da aka shafe ta da ruwan. Amma karfi acid salts, sulfates da chlorides samar da wata rigidity wanda ba ya canza a lokacin tafasar. Yana m. A irin haka ne, reagent amfani ko tsarkakewa hanyoyin su ne mafi tsada - daskarewa, barasan, electrodialysis. A wani m yanayi domin tsaftacewa wuya ruwan karkashin kasa yin amfani tace gina a baya osmosis. Ruwa domin tsabtace da kuma ruwa bayan tsaftacewa baya osmosis a analysis nuna m sakamakon.

baya osmosis

Baya osmosis - mai zurfi, har zuwa casa'in da biyar cikin dari na tsaftacewa. Rabuwa da dukkan abubuwa dauke a cikin ruwa da aka gudanar ta hanyar amfani da semipermeable membranes. Matattarar sanya daga m porous kayan. Akwai polyamide, cellulose acetate da sauransu. A pores na membrane da size of daya kawai dubbai a cikin micron ta hanyar abin da wuce kawai ruwa kwayoyin. All impurities, ciki har da kwayoyin cuta, suna ajiye a kan membrane. Idan akwai wata tambaya game da yadda za a tsabtace famfo ruwa, shi ne quality, abin dogara, tsabtace muhalli hanya don bunkasa halitta Properties na ruwa bayan tsaftacewa.

Carbon tacewa. Enrichment na ruwa tare da ma'adanai

Matatu aiki a kan yin amfani da sorbing Properties na kunna carbon amfani a karshe matakai na bayan-magani a lokacin da wajibi ne a kawar da bai isa a kula karkacewa a launi, kamshi, ko dandano. Domin wadannan dalilai na halitta ma'adanai amfani: Mountain ma'adini, silicon, shungite. Wadãtar da wadannan ma'adanai ga ruwa dandano kamar bazara.

New ruwa magani fasahar

Recent bincike a cikin yin amfani da nanotechnology lokacin shan ruwa tsarkakewa amfanin ƙasa m sakamakon. Nazarin da kaddarorin silica microparticles mai rufi nanometric Layer na hydrocarbon abubuwa, nuna su ikon jawo hankalin (electrostatic janye) to kanta pathogens da kuma nazarin halittu kwayoyin. Just nanoparticles sanya a cikin ƙazantar ruwa, sa'an nan kuma cire sakamakon nanopowder tacewa.

Kasashe da dama suna yanzu aiki a kan halittar nanofiltration na'urorin. Cancantar bayyana tsarkakewa catalytic da kuma electrochemical hanyoyin. Kullum inganta sunadarai matakai domin tsaftacewa a atomic matakin.