Rasha jama'a art: iri, nau'o'i, misalai

Collective m m aiki, nuna da rai na kabila, ya akida, da imani, tunawa da jama'a art na Rasha. A mutane da aka halitta da kuma wanzu daga tsara zuwa tsara epics, tãtsũniyõyin, Legends - mai salo na shayari, ƙaho wani asali music - play, sautuka, songs, fi so festive spectacle sun Theatrical Productions - kagaggun shi ne mai yar tsana gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Amma da suka ga an ajiye a can da kuma wasan kwaikwayo da kuma satirical plays. Kamar yadda warai tsinkãyi Rasha jama'a kerawa a dance, na gani zane-zane, da kuma zane-zane da sana'o'i. A tsufa da aka haife kuma Rasha raye-raye. Folk art Rasha gina wani tarihi dalilin zamani art da al'adu, shi ya kasance wani tushen m hadisai da kuma magana da ainihi daga cikin mutane.

Wasiyyarsu ne da baki da kuma a rubuce

Sana'ar rubuce-rubuce da wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu sun bayyana yawa daga baya fiye da na baka duwatsu masu daraja, masu daraja almara cika akwatin tun kafirci. Wadanda mafi karin magana, faxin, riddles, da raye-raye, lokatai da sambatu, epics da tãtsũniyõyin cewa hanin ga wani m haske Rasha jama'a art. A zamanin d Rasha almara nuna da ibada daga cikin mutane, hadisai, real events, iyali halaye, ta bayyana da kuma kiyaye ayyukan tarihi haruffa. Alal misali, Vladimir Red Sun, duk da ƙaunataccen yarima, aiki a matsayin samfur na wani real prince - Vladimir girma, gwarzo Dobrynya - Uncle Vladimir farko ubangijina Dobrynia. Nau'in na almara musamman bambancin.

Da zuwan addinin Krista a karni na goma fara girma Rasha adabi, da tarihi. A hankali kafa tare da taimakon Old Rasha harshen, wanda ya zama na kowa. A farko littattafai - rubuce-rubucen, ado da zinariya da sauran daraja karafa, da duwatsu masu daraja, enamel. Suka kudin tsada sosai, saboda mutane ba su sani ba su dade. Duk da haka, tare da tabbatarwa daga cikin littafin na addini shiga cikin mafi m kusurwa Rasha ƙasar, tun daga halittar Efrema Sirina, Ioanna Zlatousta, da kuma sauran addinin wallafe-wallafe a cikin translation shi ya wajaba a san mutane. Original daidai Rasha tsoho adabi yanzu wakilta tarihin, rayuwar tsarkaka (rayuwa), rhetorical dokoki ( "Words", daya daga cikinsu - "Lay"), tafiya (ko Journey, tafiya rubutu) da kuma da dama wasu nau'o'i, ba saboda haka shahara. Karni na sha hudu ya ba da yawan kwarai muhimmancin tatsuniya Monuments. Wasu irin almara, kamar almara, da ke shiga cikin category na rubuta. Saboda haka akwai "Sadko" da "Vasily Buslaev," rubuce don bayar da labarun.

misalai Kumari

Bayar da labaru, shi ne fount na jama'a memory. Jaruntakar adawa na Tatar-Mongol karkiya, da kuma sauran invaders aka yaba da maganar bakinka. Shi ne ta hanyar wadannan songs aka halicce labarai cewa sun tsira to yau: yakin da Kalka River, inda "saba'in mai girma da kuma jarumi" mined mu 'yanci na Evpati Kolovrat, Ryazan kariya daga Batu, game da Mercury, kare Smolensk. Almara Rasha riƙe facts tawaye Tver da baskak Shevkal game da flipping Dudenteviche, kuma wadannan songs aka sung zuwa yanzu fiye da sarauta daga Tver. Slagateli epics sanar wa m zuriyarsa Kulikova filin events, da kuma tsohon images of Rasha heroes har yanzu amfani da jama'a suka keɓe don yaki da Golden taro jama'a ayyukansu.

Har zuwa karshen karni na goma mazaunan Kiev-Novgorod Rasha rubuce-rubuce ba tukuna sani. Duk da haka, wannan lokaci doliteraturny donos to mu kwana a tashi daga fuska da fuska kuma daga tsara zuwa tsara zinariya fi'ili ayyukansu. Kuma yanzu da bukukuwa na gargajiya a Rasha, inda duk abin da sauti guda songs, tãtsũniyõyin da epics dubban shekaru da suka wuce. Don wannan rana da tsoho kara nau'o'i hada epics, songs, labarai, Legends, riddles, sayings, karin magana. Mafi yawa daga cikin suke dashi ayyukan jama'a - shayari. Verse form sa shi sauki haddace texts, kuma domin da yawa ƙarni na almara wuce sauka ta hanyar da al'ummomi ta hanyar sauya zuwa dace, otshlifovyvayas da wani talented bayar da labarun baka zuwa wani.

kananan nau'o'i

Kananan girma na samfurin ne kananan nau'o'i almara. Wannan misalin: puns, harshe twisters, faxin, barkwanci, riddles, ãyõyi, sayings, karin magana, cewa ya ba mu labarin baki. Wasanin gwada ilimi - daya daga wadannan m manifestations na jama'a shayari cewa ya samo asali a cikin baka form. Allusion ko Misalin, bluntly, devious jawabin - wani kamã da jũna bayanin a takaice nau'i na wani abu, - wancan ne abin da asiri na V. I. Dalyu. A wasu kalmomin, wata alama da surar real mamaki ko abubuwa da dole tsammani. Ko a nan shi azurta multivariate almara. Wasanin gwada ilimi na iya zama kwatancin, allegories, al'amurran da suka shafi, ɗawainiya. Mafi sau da yawa sun an hada da sassa biyu - a tambaya da amsa misali da otgadki juna. By category, su ne bambancin da nasaba, da aiki da kuma hanyar rayuwa: Flora da fauna, yanayin, kayan aikin da ayyukan.

Misalai da faxin cewa sun tsira zuwa yanzu lokaci daga mafi zamanin da, shi ke dace magana, mai hikima tunani. More sau da yawa fiye da ba ma, suna da wani biyu-kashi, inda sassa ne proportionate kuma sau da yawa rhyme. Ma'anar da karin maganar yawanci alamance da kuma dauke da wani halin kirki. mu gani sau da yawa a cikin karin magana, da faxin mnogovariativnost, akwai mutane da yawa bambance-bambancen karatu na karin magana da guda dabi'u. Misalai faxin bambanta daga general ji, wanda shi ne mafi girma. Babbansu ya nema a mayar da goma sha biyu karni. A tarihin Rasha almara ya ce wa wannan rana da yawa karin magana zo guntu, wani lokacin ma rasa asalin ma'anar. Ga misali, sai ka ce: "Shi ne a cikin wannan yanayin da kare ci" yana ambaton kwarewa, amma Rasha mutane a cikin tsohon yaci gaba: "Haka wutsiya shake." Wannan ba shi ne, ba haka high.

music

Ancient iri Rasha kaden dogara ne da farko a kan song salo. Song - shi ne mai Genre na m da fi'ili lokaci guda ko lyrical ko labari aiki, wanda aka yi nufi zalla domin tsarkakewa. songs iya zama lyrical, dance tune, jama'a, tarihi, da kuma dukkan su suna bayyana a matsayin burin jama'ar da mutum, da kuma ji na mutane da yawa, su ne ko da yaushe a tune da jama'a ta ciki jiha.

An akwai son irin abubuwan da, tunani a kan rabo daga ko, idan bayanin irin zaman jama'a, ko rayuwar iyali - shi ya kamata ko da yaushe a yi ban sha'awa ga masu sauraro, da kuma ba tare da yin wani song Jihar hankali daga cikin mafi girma zai yiwu yawan mutane don su ji da singer so ba. Sosai kamar mutane na parallelism liyafar, a lokacin da yanayi na lyrical dakatarda ga yanayi. "Me kuke tsaya daga talking, bakin ciki dutse ash", "Babu haske da dare amma watanni", misali. Kuma kusan wuya zo fadin wani mutãne song a cikin abin da wannan parallelism ne mãsu fakowa ba. Ko da a cikin tarihi songs - "Ermak", "Stepan Razin" da sauransu - shi ne kullum samu. Daga wannan tunanin tasiri na song da shi ya zama yawa karfi, da kuma song kanta ana riskarsa yawa haske.

Kuma almara labari

Salo na gargajiya dauki siffar da kyau kafin ta tara karni, da kuma Kalmar "almara" ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin karni na sha tara da kuma nufi wani jaruntakar song of almara hali. Mun san almara, sung a tara karni, ko da yake sun lalle sun kasance ba na farko, kawai bai isa mu, rasa a cikin ƙarni. Kowane yaro ya san almara heroes - heroes wanda embody da manufa na kasa kishin kasa, ƙarfin zuciya da ƙarfi: m Sadko Ilya Muromets, giant Svyatogor da Mikula Selyaninovich. A mãkirci epics sau da yawa cike da muhimmanci situational amma muhimmanci don inganta da kuma dama ƙirƙirãwa: suna da wani teleport (nan take za a iya shawo kan nesa daga Murom zuwa Kyiv), bari shi kadai, dakaru kayar ( "yadda za a magance ta wag - zai zama wani titi a matsayin hagu wag - titi" ), da kuma, ba shakka, da dodo: Three-gangarawa dragon - Maciji dragon. Nau'in na Rasha jama'a art a baka nau'o'i ba iyakance. Akwai kuma tãtsũniyõyin mutãnen da Legends.

Epics bambanta daga tatsuniyoyi a cikin abin da suka wuce suka faru ne gaba daya almara. Tatsuniyoyi ne na iri biyu: Household da kuma sihiri. The iyali wakilci mafi daban-daban, amma talakawa mutane - shugabanni da 'ya'yan sarakuna, da sarakunansu, da banza, da sojoji da ma'aikata, manoma, da firistoci a cikin mafi talakawa hali. A hikaya tabbata jawo hankalin dama ƙarfi, cire kayayyakin gargajiya da ban mamaki Properties, da sauransu. Tale kullum kaffa, kuma haka daban-daban daga labarin wasu Genre ayyukansu. Tatsuniyoyi yawanci lashe kawai kyau, mugunta sojojin suna ko da yaushe ci kuma anã izgili da a kowane yiwu hanya. Legend sabanin wani hikaya - fi'ili labarin game da mu'ujiza na dama images, m taron cewa ya kamata da riwayan kuma saurarõnsu tsinkayen yadda yaƙĩni. Har muka kai da arna Legends game da halittar duniya, kasar na asali, tekuna, da mutanen exploits na biyu almara da kuma real characters.

yau

Modern Rasha jama'a art ba zai iya wakiltar daidai da kabilanci da al'adunsu, kamar yadda wannan al'ada - preindustrial. Duk wani zamani mazauna - daga karami kauye zuwa birnin - shi ne wani Fusion na kabilun daban-daban, da kuma da na halitta ci gaban kowane mutum ba tare da wani hadawa da kuma wajen samo shi ne kawai zai yiwu ba. Abin da shi ne a yanzu ake magana a kai a matsayin jama'a art ne wajen wani m stylization, folklorisation, ga abin da akwai masu sana'a art cewa wahayi zuwa gare ta kabilanci da muradi.

Wani lokaci yana mai son aiki, kamar salla da al'adun, da kuma aikin sana'a. A ãdalci ya kamata a lura da cewa mafi tsarki, kuma har yanzu masu tasowa, za a iya daukan kawai crafts - arts da sana'o'i. Akwai har yanzu ne ba, ban da masu sana'a, kabilanci da kerawa, ko da yake samarwa ya dogon sa a kan na'ura mai da dama ga improvisation zullumi.

Mutane da kerawa

Abin da mutane nufi da mutane? A jama'ar kasar, da al'umma. Amma, misali, a Rasha akwai dubun asali kabilanci da jama'a art yana da na kowa siffofin samuwa a cikin Naira Miliyan Xari da duk kabilun. Chuvash, Tatar, Mari, kuma ko da Chukchi - ne mai zamani aiki na kida, artists, gine-ginen ba aro daga juna? Amma su na kowa dabiu narkewar elitist al'adu. Kuma saboda muna da, ban da tsana, muna da wasu fitarwa samfurin, wanda shi ne mu na kowa katin kira Mafi qarancin adawa, matsakaicin total daidaituwa a cikin al'umma, don haka wannan shi ne shugabanci na zamani art na mutanen Rasha. Yau ne:

• kabilanci (folklorizirovannoe) kerawa,
• mai son kerawa,
• kerawa da na kowa mutane,
• mai son kerawa.

Craving domin ado aiki ne da rai, kamar yadda dai mutum yana da rai. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a yau a ke habaka arts.

Art, m sha'awa,

Art na fitattu, masu sana'a da al'adun da cewa na bukatar m basira da kuma aiki - wani nuna alama daga cikin matakin na ado ci gaban 'yan Adam. Domin almara dangantaka da shi yana da matukar kadan, sai ga wahayi zuwa gare: duk composers, misali, rubuta wani bututun sauti, ta amfani da karin waƙa daga mutãne songs. Amma shi ba shi da shi, ba wani mutãne song. Heritage na al'adu na gargajiya - kerawa a matsayin nuna alama daga cikin ci gaban tawagar ko mutum. Irin wannan al'ada za a iya ci gaba nasarar da fahimce. A sakamakon taro al'ada azaman samfuri maye, a kyauta daga mutane domin a m maimaitawa - shi ne sha'awa, da ilmi na wannan irin, wanda aka tsara domin cire danniya daga mechanicalness rayuwa ta zamani.

A nan za ka lura da wasu alamu na bigiren farko, a cikin m jama'a art fa, tã yi ta jigogi da hanyar magana. Wannan shi ne wani fairly na kowa matakai: sakar gidansa, kõre da mai walƙiya, sassaƙa, bisa ƙirƙira da kuma zaben 'yan wasa, na ado zane, stamping, da sauransu. Gaskiya jama'a art bai san ya saba canje-canje a cikin m styles for shekara dubu. Yanzu shi muhimmanci wadãtar a cikin zamani jama'a art. A mataki na stylization dabam, kazalika da yanayin da fahimtar duk da haihuwa takalman da muradi.

Arts and Crafts

Tun bayan tsufa da aka sani da mutãne amfani art na Rasha. Wannan watakila kawai jinsunan da ba halartar muhimman canje-canje da ba rana. Wadannan abubuwa daga a tarihi mai nisa zuwa wannan rana ado da kuma inganta gida da kuma al'umma rai. Karkara craft ƙware ko da wani fairly rikitarwa tsarin, shi ne amfani da zamani a rayuwar.

Ko da yake yanzu duk wadannan abubuwa ba su sosai m kamar yadda na ado load. Wannan ado da whistles, toys, da kuma ciki da ado. Fagage daban-daban da kuma yankuna suna da nasu irin zane-zane, crafts da sana'o'i. A mafi shahara da kuma m ne da wadannan.

Scarves, kuma samovars

Orenburg shawl - wannan shawl, dumi da kuma nauyi da kuma weightless Scarves da shawl-webs. Saka alamu cewa ya zo daga nesa, suna na musamman, da suka gano wani har abada gaskiya a ji na jituwa, da kyau, domin. Awaki Orenburzhye ma na musamman, gashinsa ba wani sabon abu, shi za a iya spun bakin ciki da kuma m. A karkashin tutur Orenburg knitters da Tula sana'a. Suka ba majagaba: na farko jan samovar da aka samu a cikin tono na Volga birni Dubovka, Dates baya ga farkon samu daga tsakiyar zamanai.

A Rasha shayi kama a cikin goma sha bakwai karni. Amma da farko samovar nazarinsa kasance har yanzu a Tula. Wannan naúrar ne har yanzu a daraja, da kuma shayi sha daga wani samovar a kan Pine Cones - quite sananne a cottages. Suna da tsananin bambancin a tsari da kuma ado - ganga, vases, fentin da rubuta, embossing, kayan ado da alkalama cranes, asali ayyukan art, kuma musamman m, a rayuwar yau da kullum. Tuni a cikin farkon karni na sha tara a cikin Tula samovars samar da har zuwa 1200 a kowace shekara. Suka sayar da nauyi. Brass daraja sittin hudu rubles da pud, da kuma ja tagulla - casa'in. Yana da kudi mai yawa.