Na shekara-shekara tebur Turgenev. Rayuwa da Works of JS Turgenev: na shekara-shekara tebur

Turgenev makomar babban sha'awa ga masu bincike saboda cikakken kuma m events kai tsaye alaka da hadaddun al'adar motherland. Saboda da m iyawa na marubuci masu karatu a duk faɗin duniya sun iya samun matsahi na saba da ban mamaki da kuma ba za'a iya mantawaba ayyukan da shigar da tarihin tarihi. Domin kusan rabin karni da muke da tare da godiya, da tsõro ci gaba a hannun fi so littattafai da Turgenev da kuma koyi da shi da karfin fahimta da kuma jin da kyau na da ƙasar haihuwarsa, daraja da mutunci da kuma darajar 'yanci, kamar yadda babban kyauta.

Da amfani da wata na shekara-shekara tebur

A cikin nazarin duk wani tarihi epoch, da matakai na wata wayewa, ko da kerawa na art wakilin bincike don tsara dole ake bukata na shekara-shekara tebur. Turgenev da a karon farko mun fara gano da makaranta, a wallafe-wallafen azuzuwan. A 5th sa - shi ne mai m labarin na Gerasim da Mumu, 6 ga watan - da gajeren labarin "Bezhin makiyaya", sa'an nan - "The Bear", "Asya", "" Da farko love "da" Poems a litattafan ".

A shekaru baya mu zo a cikin lamba tare da mafi tsanani shi aiki - litattafan, wanda ya kawo daukaka ga Rasha adabi da kuma lashe soyayya na waje masu karatu. Hakika, a kowane mataki na nazarin biography na marubuci, mun koya game da shi sabon facts cewa taimaka wa mafi fahimtar aikin wannan m mutum. Makawa taimako iya nan biographic na shekara-shekara tebur na Turgenev, wanda ba ka damar shirya data, tantance mafi muhimmanci da maki kuma nuna masu kuzarin kawo cikas na events.

tun asalin

Turgenev na shekara-shekara tebur a lõkacin da aiki tare da ita a aji a makarantar, ba shakka, ta fara da babban taron a cikin rayuwar wani mutum - daga lokacin da aka haife shi. Wannan - masomin dukkan kara rabo. Haife marubuci a zamanin d Rasha birnin Orel, Oktoba 28 (Nuwamba 9) a 1818. Magabatan da uba suna daga cikin tsofaffin sani, da hereditary nobility, da zarar taka leda shahararren rawa a tarihin kasar. Masu juna biyu kakanninsu ma ba su sãɓã ba a nobility, amma sun arziki. Na shekara-shekara tebur Turgenev dole ne dole kuma sun hada da wani nuni ne na iyali gida - Spasskoe- Lutovinovo, wanda ya zama wani marubuci ga tushen da babban kauna ga Rasha da kuma wani m kiyayya ga serfdom.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma samartaka

marubuci littattafan tsarin lokaci bikin na musamman rawa a cikin rayuwar Ivan Sergeyevich mahaifiyarsa, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinovo. Lokacin da harhada na shekara-shekara tebur Turgenev, a takaice gaya mana game da wannan m da kuma rigima mace wajibi ne. Bayan duk, da yawa daga cikin siffofin ta halin, har ma da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa ake nuna a cikin wallafe-wallafen heroes - da uwargijiyar "Mumu" Glafira Petrovna na "Manzon Allah Sallallahu gurbi", da kaka na "Punin da Baburin." ainihi na uba, ma, ya bar a rayuwa na marubuci kafu daram mark. Saboda na shekara-shekara tebur Turgenev kamata a takaicce gaya game da hadaddun dangantaka tsakanin su, domin su samu da m gani a daya daga cikin mafi kyau lyrical litattafan - "Da farko love".

Ilimi da kuma na farko matakai a cikin halittar

1827 - wani muhimmanci kwanan wata daga wanda cin zarafi canza Biography Turgenev. Na shekara-shekara tebur kamata hada shi saboda wannan shekara da marubuci ta iyali koma Moscow. Kuma bayan wani kwari rayuwa a cikin gidan gona, tare da da-kafa hanyarsa ta rayuwa, a kananan da'irar kusa abokai, gida ilimi, akwai wani zumuntar Ivan Sergeyevich zuwa wani sabon zama - a babban birnin, a zaman da takardar makarantu, inda ya samu horo ga ilimin jami'a.

1833 - kudin shiga ga University of Moscow, 1834 - fassara zuwa Petersburg a kan fi'ili sashen falsafa baiwa. A lokacin wadannan shekaru, matasa dalibi ya fara kokarin kansa a shayari kuma wasan kwaikwayo. A karo na farko da sukar lamiri Piotr Pletnev zama kusa da kowane Pushkina. Ci gaba dalibi biography Turgenev (na shekara-shekara tebur shi gyaran gaba daya) su ne riga da kasashen waje, a Jamus, inda ya aka aiko a 1838. Ba kawai falsafa, amma kuma cikin gabatarwar zuwa Yammacin siyasa trends, saba da m zamantakewa ƙungiyoyi da kuma akidun da yin real nasara a cikin samuwar Turgenev ta hali. Holland, Faransa da kuma Italiya sun kuma yi wani babban alama a kan gaba marubuci. Don wannan lokaci ne da mulkin, da kuma hoto Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich sanya wani hoto na shi kuma ya wakilci to your hankali a kasa (K.A.Gorbunov marubucin, 1838-1839.).

A farko fitarwa

Makõma take, jarrabawa ga digiri, a so su koya - shi duka da dama a kan farkon 40s. Turgenev - wani farfesa falsafa, amma a Rasha shi ne Nicholas dakatar. Kuma haka Ivan Sergeyevich zama hukuma. A 1843 ya ke buga da waka "Paracha" - na farko gaskiya Turgenev ta aiki, da kuma an riga an cike da gidajen gona da za'a ban mamaki mace hali, lashe wallafe-wallafen sunan "Turgenev yarinya".

Photo Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich ne daguerreotype, kwanan rana 1840-mi shekaru. Tenacious, m ganinsu, furrowed brows da zurfin kwarin kunya tsakanin su nuna wani tsanani tunani. Saboda jimawa, a 1847, da labaru fara fito fili, wanda sai ku yi up tarin, wanda ya kawo daraja da kuma fitarwa zuwa marubuci - "almara", "Mumu" da sauransu. Saboda haka tabbatar da alama cewa kwanan wata a cikin tsarin lokaci! Bayan dukan labarun Turgenev - a real kundin sani na jama'a rayuwa, kasar rayuwar hoto, da watsuwar da tausasãwa na tunani na wani sauki Rasha mutum.

Link to Spasskoye

The sunan marubuci aka dauka da m ga rikodin, kuma ya aka aiko zuwa gudun hijira a cikin iyali Estate har karshen kaka 1853. Herzen ba don kome ba kira labaru na Turgenev ta "zargi na serfdom." A al'adar maimed, suka hallakar da fatan derailed rayuwa bãyar da lãbãri "Rasberi Ruwa" da "Ermolai da Miller." "Shirya mawaka" Amazing ruhaniya kyakkyawa da gwaninta na mutane ya saukar a cikin aikin. Haddabi effects na serfdom aka ji, a kowane labarin.

"Bayanan kula da wani Hunter" zama na farko da gagarumin taimako na marubuci a wani m gwagwarmaya da m bauta. Saboda haka don samun aiwatar da "Hannibal rantsuwa", wannan a halin yanzu Turgenev a cikin matasa. Kuma wani matukar muhimmanci. A wadannan labaru sun riga ji Jagora ta hannun - lafiya singer na Rasha yanayi, da kuma ban mamaki style, ma'ana da harshen, wanda da masu bincike kuma ake kira "Turgenev." wani VG Belinsky gaskiya ya yaba da wallafe-wallafen da basira na marubuci.

"A gefen wani ke gida"

Turgenev ta rayuwa - madawwamin search for gaskiya, da marmarin fahimta da "m Rasha rai na mutane." Ya na da musamman gwaninta: to lura, to ji kawai kunno kai ideas na zamantakewa da tunani, don ganin sabon haruffa bayyana a kan mataki na zaman jama'a da kuma gwagwarmayar siyasa, da kuma nuna su a cikin ayyukansu. A lokaci guda dole ne mu manta game da m dabaru na Turgenev ta litattafan da shayari ya labari hanya. Kuma duk da haka - game da soyayya.

Taken soyayya shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a duk litattafan da marubuci, a da yawa daga cikin litattafan. Son shi jami'in dake duba yawan da tamanin da haruffa, su yarda da daraja maxaukakiya mutum. By da rayuwansu na xabi'unsa, Ivan Sergeyevich dora mafi stringent bukatun. Me ya sa haka? Kila, saboda sirri rayuwa Turgenev samo asali quite da cika fuska. Polina Viardo, Faransa opera singer, ya zama ya Muse, unattainable mafarki, kuma ta iyali da kuma rayuwa - iyalinsa da kuma gidansa, amma gefen "dan hanya gida." Domin ta ya yi ba sanya. Ko da marubuci 'yar, haife na yadi' yan mata baya a lokacin yana saurayi, ya tashi a cikin wani iyali Viardot. Don wasu har da rayuwar Turgenev ya kasu kashi biyu halves - kafin ya gana Paulina da kuma bayan. Saboda haka, ya kamata a 1843 alama a kan jerin lokuta kuma ko da a wannan batun, mafi muhimmanci aukuwa ga Ivan Sergeyevich.

Hadin kai da kuma fasa da "Littafi"

Na shekara-shekara tebur na Turgenev ta rayuwa ya kamata a ci gaba da irin wannan adadi a matsayin a 1850 - farkon aikin a Nekrasov "Littafi", abota da kuma akida hadin gwiwa tare da mulkin demokra kawo dukkan: Nekrasov, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky da sauransu. 1855 - rubutu "Rudin" labari, 1859 - fitowan "Manzon Allah Sallallahu gurbi", 1860 - halittar "Hauwa'u". 1862 - saki da "iyaye da 'ya'ya" labari.

Kowace daga cikin ayyukan gabatar da jama'a - amsar tambaya game da abin da zai iya, kuma ya zama na yanzu halin, mai kyau jama'a adadi. A cikin zamantakewa da siyasa ra'ayoyi na marubuci kula da Musulmai masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ya yi imani da cewa rayuwa a Rasha dole ne a canza hanyar da gwamnati ta gyara da kuma juyin juya halin bai yi ta tare da tashin hankali da ya shafa. Wallafe-wallafe, musamman Turgenev nace a kan shi yana da wani hakki a kira "Rasha domin gatari." A art ma'aikata da babban alhakin, domin su bayar da gudummawa ga samuwar jama'a sani. A juyin juya halin tsõro ba zai kawo wani abu mai kyau zuwa ga mutane. A wannan hasashe, a 1860, dangantakar da jagorancin "Littafi" zama marubuci ne musamman siga, da kuma a 1861 gaba daya tsaya. wannan ranar da ya kamata a dole gyarawa zuwa shekara-shekara sikelin biography na Turgenev.

Rayuwa kasashen waje

A lokacin da na fara batu na wani sabon zamani a cikin rãyuwar Ivan Sergeyevich - 1863. Ya tafi kasashen waje, to France, rayuwa tare da ita iyali Viardot, ta musanyar taimakekkeniya tare da mijinta a cikin gida kafofin watsa labarai. Akwai aka rubuta da ya fi kyau abubuwa karshe - labari "Smoke" da "Virgin ƙasa," da labarin "Spring Ruwa". A gida, ya wani lokacin zo a cikin bazara, abin lura tare da bakin ciki da barin burbushi na baya al'adu na nobility. Shi ne kawai a cikin 1870s, a lokacin da wani sabon kalaman na zamantakewa kwata 'yanci motsi farfado juna sha'awa tsakanin marubuci da Rasha karatu a Rasha. Isowa Ivan Sergeyevich suna alama ta m tarurruka da matasa, ya girmama a wallafe-wallafen marece, gayyace su dawo gida domin mai kyau. Turgenev tunani game da shi.

"Poems a litattafan" da kuma mutuwa

A lokacin da na karshe 4 shekaru ransa rubuta Ivanom Sergeevichem kananan lyrical miniatures tattara a cikin wani tarin karkashin lakabi "Poems a litattafan". Succinct, dunkule ne Masterpieces, ban zurfin tunani, kuma kamalar magana. Sun zama wani irin furci na marubuci, ya na sirri diary, na nuna tunani, ji, yanayi Turgenev. A 1882, marubucin gano wani mummunan cuta - ciwon daji na kashin baya. Kuma Agusta 22, 1883 (Satumba 3rd) a Buzhevile ya mutu. Binne marubuci a Rasha, a St. Petersburg. Wadannan bayanai suna abada rubuta a kan sada jeren kwanakin.