Mene ne wani symbiosis na ka'idar da na gargajiya misalai

Kowane adult ambaci daga makaranta ilmin halitta ba shakka, cewa irin wannan symbiosis. Ko a kalla ji maganar. Duk da haka, ba kowa da kowa ya san cewa ya fi kowa misali na symbiosis ne kamar wata jama'a - lactic acid kwayoyin cuta. A gaskiya ma, cikin symbiosis - shi ne duk wani nau'i na dangantaka tsakanin biyu rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da suke da daban-daban genotypes da proiskhozhdzhenie a cikin abin da suka Co-zama kamar guda tsarin. Amma ba dame tare da wani symbiosis na parasitism, kamar yadda yakan faru.

A yanayi, akwai da wadannan iri symbiosis: waccan mujalla da muka parasitism (da irin dangantaka da ke da amfani ga daya abokin tarayya, kuma m zuwa wani), mutualism (moriyar dangantaka) commensalism (dangantaka da amfani ga daya abokin tarayya, kuma sha'aninsu dabam zuwa wasu), da kuma amensalizm (dangantaka da suke cutarwa ga daya gefen da kuma sha'aninsu dabam domin na biyu). Haka kuma, a kimiyyar zamani yawanci bambanta symbiogenesis ko endosymbiosis wanda wakiltar kwayuka symbiosis, daya a cikin wani rai gabar Kwayoyin. Kwayoyin ne a wani dankantakar halitta, da ake kira symbionts.

Domin ya fahimci abin da yake symbiosis, shi ne na farko zama dole a yi la'akari da farko na da siffar, wato symbiogenesis. Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa, salon salula organelle mitochondria da plastids kasance a gabãnin raba tsoho microorganisms: da mitochondria sun prokaryotic kwayoyin da plastids - autotrophic kwayoyin da cewa sun zauna a ciki mafi sauki eukaryotic Kwayoyin. Da farko shi ne mai peculiar symbiosis na mutualism type, watau mai amfanar da dangantaka. Sa'an nan kuma, wadannan kwayoyin suna garwaya tẽku sabõda haka, da karfe unitary tsarin, cewa a ƙarshe makale genetically.

By wannan manufa a karkashin gini, kuma duk sauran iri symbiotic dangantaka. A mafi sauki hanyar tunanin cewa irin wannan symbiosis, da classic misali na lichens. Wannan irin dangantakar da ya kamata a kyan gani, kamar yadda mutualism, a matsayin naman gwari obtains daga cyanobacteria gina jiki hada da karshen, kuma, bi da bi, Halicci kwayoyin m muhalli yanayi, kare daga bushewa, ultraviolet radiation da sauran muhalli dalilai, da kuma ma sa zai yiwu wanzuwar wani substrate da ciwon wani acidic PH dauki.

Parasitism - kamar yadda wani irin symbiosis. A classic misali na shi an dauke su duka eukaryotic dauke da kwayar cutar jamiái, ciki har da fungi. A cikin wadannan madaidaci da m zaune a cikin rundunar ta jiki, ya ci ta da albarkatun. Rarrabe obligate (DC) kuma tilas (lokaci-lokaci) parasitism. Na farko da kungiyar hada da ƙwayoyin cuta, to na biyu - lice, tsutsotsi da sauransu.

Wani misali na mutualism ne a biyu daga cikin muka ambata a sama mutumin-hanji microflora.

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na commensalism rarrabe yawa subtypes: zoochory (rarraba sassan shuke-shuke da cewa bauta ga haifuwa, ta amfani da dabbobi) - suna tsuntsaye cin tsaba ko dauke da su a kan kafafu), sinoykiya (amfani da daya kwayoyin mazauninsu na wani ba tareda žata farko, misali, kifi, spawn a cikin bawo na molluscs). Ba za a rikita batun tare da Inquiline - yin amfani da wata rundunar gida tare da lalata karshen, misali, kwari, larvae otklydyvayuschie a mollusk bawo ko Gauls, yayin da ya halaka rundunar.

Mafi na kowa misali ne dangantakar da amensalizma itace da gansakuka, wanda ke tsiro a ƙasa. Moss aka fuskantar da mummunan sakamako na irin wannan symbiosis (rashin haske, gina jiki, da ruwa, da dai sauransu), Kuma itace kula.

Saboda haka, tare da taimakon gwada da sauki da kuma daukan hankali misalai zai nuna abin da yake symbiosis, kuma ba za a rikita batun tare da commensalism mutualism da parasitism.