Mafi dystopia (littafin): wani bayyani, fasali, da sake dubawa

Kafin mu yi la'akari da mafi kyau littafin a cikin dystopian Genre, game da abinda ke ciki, da kuma fahimtar me ya sa littafin wannan salo a duk sau sa gaske amfani masu karatu, baya ga asalin ajalin.

Mene ne "anti-Utopia"?

Kalmar "anti-Utopia" ya bayyana a cikin adabi a matsayin cikakken m na ayyukan da aka rubuta a cikin Genre na Utopia. A farko marubuci wanda ya ba da tashi daga dukan wallafe-wallafen motsi, an English Falsafa Thomas More. Fara utopian Genre sanya nuni da "Utopia" labari (1516). A gaskiya, mafi yawan ayyukan da ya yi ya nuna wani manufa al'umma inda duk zauna da farin ciki da kuma salama. Sunan wannan duniya - a Utopia.

A bambanci wa "serene" ayyuka fara bayyana aikin marubuta, gaya game daidai gaban al'umma, kasa, ko duniya. A cikinsu, gwamnatin iyakance 'yancin mutum, na' yancin tunani da kuma sau da yawa. Works rubuta a cikin wannan hanya, aka kira antiutopia.

A cikin kamus "dystopia" ne halin a matsayin rikicin na bege, da senselessness na neman sauyi gwagwarmaya, da indispensability na zamantakewa mugunta. Kimiyya da aka ba su gani ba a matsayin hanyar warware matsalolin duniya da kuma hanyar da na gina da tsarin zamantakewa, amma a matsayin wajen bautar wani mutum.

Yana da wuya a tantance abin da na littattafai a cikin wannan salo ne mafi mashahuri saboda su ranking, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ya dogara a kan da yawa dalilai: kasar da kuma gwamnatin, zamantakewa da kuma tattalin arziki dalilai, lokaci da kuma shekaru na karatu. Hakika, shi kadai kamar yadda mafi kyau littafin na Utopia, kuma dystopia ne na farko ayyukan da aka rubuta a cikin wadannan nau'o'i.

The asalin dystopia

A haifuwa daga cikin lokaci, kazalika da ta antagonist, ya zama Ingila. A 1848, da Falsafa Dzhon Mill karo na farko sun yi amfani da kalmar "antiutopist" a matsayin antithesis na "utopian." Kamar yadda wani da wallafe-wallafen] ensa, da kalmar "anti-Utopia" gabatar H. Negley kuma M. Patrick a cikin "A Search na Utopia" (1952).

A Genre wadãta yawa a baya. A twenties, a cikin farkawa daga duniya yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma juyin juya hali, utopian ideas fara da za a aiwatar. Ba mamaki, na farko da kasar don gane da wannan ra'ayin zama Bolshevik Rasha. Gina wani sabon jama'a ya sa gaske ban sha'awa na duniya al'umma, da kuma sabon tsarin zama ruthlessly izgili da harshen Turanci ayyukansu. Su yanzu zauna na farko jere daga cikin jerin "Top dystopia", "Books dukan lokaci":

• 1932 - "Brave New World", Aldous Huxley.
• 1945 - "Jawo farm" George Orwell ..
• 1949 - "1984", George Orwell ..

A cikin wadannan litattafan, tare da kin amincewa da kwaminisanci zaluncin, kamar wani, shi nuna irin janar rikice da yiwuwar wani soulless wayewa. Wadannan ayyuka sun tsaya da gwajin lokaci kamar yadda mafi kyau anti-Utopia. Books wannan salo a bukatar a yanzu. Saboda haka abin da ke asirin dystopia?

Jigon dystopia

Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga sama, dystopia - a parody na utopian ra'ayin. Yana jaddada hatsarin zamantakewa hadawa "fiction" na facts. Wannan shi ne, to zana layi tsakanin gaskiya da karya. A dystopias cewa bayyanãwa da ake kira m jama'a, ya bayyana ciki duniya na wani mutum dake zaune a wannan al'umma. Ya ke damunsu, tunaninsu.

Gani daga "ciki" ya nuna yanayin wannan al'umma, da mummuna daga cikin. A yi shi dai itace cewa da manufa jama'a ba haka ba ne m. Don gane da yadda talakawa mutumin da aka biya domin dukan duniya, da farin ciki, da kuma karfafa mafi kyau dystopia. Books yawanci rubuta da mawallafa wanda abu na nazari ne mutum rai, musamman da kuma unpredictable.

Dystopia nuna da "sabuwar duniya" daga ciki ta wani mutum wanda yake zaune a cikinsa. Domin sararin, soulless kayan na gwamnatin mutane kamar cog. Kuma a wani matsayi a cikin wani mutumin awakens da na halitta mutum ji cewa ba su jituwa da data kasance tsarin, dangane da gazawar, haramci da biyaya cikin bukatun da jihar.

Tsakanin mutum da kuma tsarin zamantakewa shi ne wani rikici. Dystopia nuna incompatibility na utopian ideas da dama maslahohin mutum guda. Shi ya bayyana a cikin Wauta na utopian ayyukan. A bayyane yake nuna yadda Daidaitan ya yi kira egalitarianism jũya. harkar shugabanci a kan tilas kayyade mutum hali. fasaha ci gaba canza mutumin a cikin kaya. Wannan an tsara don nuna mafi kyau na dystopia.

Works a cikin Genre na Utopia nuna hanya ga kamala. Dalilin da anti-Utopia - don nuna da Wauta na da ra'ayin, dõmin ya yi gargaɗi da illar da jiran a kan wannan hanya. Fahimtar zamantakewa da kuma ruhaniya matakai, da nazarin kurakurai, dystopia ba a yi nufin ƙaryatãwa, amma wajen neman nuna wa kiki da kuma sakamakon da zai yiwu hanyoyi na shawo kan su.

mafi dystopia

Books ba wadda ta gabãta bayyanar anti-Utopia, tsara don nuna abin da zai iya sa damuwa mamaki na mu lokacin, abin da yake amfãnin su iya kawo. Wa] annan litattafan suna da wadannan:

• 1871 - "The Akuma Race", E. Bulwer-Lytton.
• 1890 - "Na Kaisar ne Column", J. Donnelly.
• 1907 - "The Iron diddige", J. London ..

A cikin thirties, akwai da dama daga ayyukansu - gargadi da kuma dystopia cewa ishãra zuwa farkisanci barazana:

• 1930 - "The Autocracy na Mr. Pargema" Wells.
• 1935 - "Mun wannan shi ne ba zai yiwu ba," Lewis.
• 1936 - "War tare da Newts", K. Capek.

Wannan na iya kuma sun hada da sama samfurin da Huxley, Orwell. "Fahrenheit 451" (1953) da R. Bradbury da aka dauki daya daga cikin mafi kyau litattafan a cikin wannan salo.

Saboda haka, mamma siffa da cewa wannan dystopia. Books (jerin mafi kyau daga gare su, an san cewa a duk sau gane kamar yadda na biyu to bãbu a cikin tsarin na wannan shugabanci, mu tattauna a more daki-daki a kasa), wadannan su ne har yanzu a bukatar. Haka kuma, a yau su ne mafi dacewa fiye. Mene ne su daraja? Abin da ka yi gargaɗi da mawallafa na wadannan litattafan?

Daga classic zuwa zamani

Labarin R. Bradbury "Fahrenheit 451", babu shakka, shi ne classic anti-utopian salo. Littafi a dukan lokaci. Marubucin, daya daga cikin 'yan, yayi kashedin game da barazana da totalitarianism nan. Ra'ayi da masu karatu su bar feedback a kan samfurin, kama nawa foreseen da marubucin. Abin da aka yanzu faruwa kewaye Bradbury annabta 'yan shekarun da suka gabata da suka wuce. Menene wannan labarin, shekaru masu yawa na ba da barin farko Lines daga cikin jerin "Top dystopia"?

Books wannan salo da gaske da aka rubuta "master image na mutum rai." Ta yaya daidai ne da yawa daga cikinsu sun iya nuna na ciki duniya na mutumin da m nan gaba a wannan lokaci. Story "451 digiri" - wani sosai jarumi, da-rubuce littafin. Marubucin ya gabatar da karatu da talakawa mutane. Yana shiga cikin talakawa gidan inda da uwar gida yayi watsi rayuwa a kusa da "bawo" - a rediyo ko farfado televizornymi katangu. Saba? Idan "televizornye bango" a canza zuwa ga kalma "Internet da kuma talabijin", mun samu hakikanin kewaye da mu.

Duniya, kusaci da marubucin, sparkles tare da dukan launuka na bakan gizo, mai zuba daga cikin jawabai, billboards layi gangara m multimeter zane-zane. Abokai maye gurbin "dangi" daga fuska sha'awar abubuwa da kuma cinyewa duk kayayyakin lokaci. Environmental kyau na lokaci bar - na farko da furanni na bazara, kuma da rãna, sunsets da wurãren fitar rãnã, har ma ga nasu 'ya'yan.

Amma mutanen da suka rayu daga cikin jawabai na ganuwar, farin ciki. Kuma girke-girke na farin ciki ne quite sauki: su ne guda. Ba su so su zauna kawai a duniya da su rayayyu da dakuna. Su ba da ake bukata. 'Yan tuna,' yan zaton kawunansu suna gidan ya toshe da guda.

Books a cikin wannan duniya karkashin ban. Adanar littattafai - shi ne hukuncin. Ga su suna kone. Ma'aikatan kashe gobara ba da ceton rayuka, ba su bice wuta. Su ƙona littattafai. Game da shi lalata rayuwar mutane. Daya daga cikin jaruman da labarin, mai kashe gobara Guy Montag, ya gana da zarar wata yarinya wanda kulawa don "girgiza up" wannan hali, farkarwa a shi a craving domin a al'ada rayuwa, to gaskiya mutum dabi'u.

Orwell da labari

Works da wannan marubucin ake gane a matsayin mafi kyau anti-Utopia. Books Orwell ta "1984" da "Jawo gonaki" babban show cewa mutane da suka sami damar zaton kamar kowa, suna haramta.

"1984" - wani mai ban mamaki labari a cikin abin da Company da aka nuna a matsayin totalitarian tsarin dangane ruhaniya da kuma ta jiki bautar. Imbued da qiyayya da tsoro. A townsfolk wannan duniya rayuwa a karkashin m ido na "Big Brother". "Ma'aikatar gaskiya" da ke halaka tarihi, shirya abin facts halakar da wata fix ko barin.

"Fesa", da cewa shi ne, zamantakewa selection, an dauki ɓangare na jihar na'ura. A mutum na iya za a kama, za a iya saki. Kuma shi ne cewa shi ke m. Don rayuwa a cikin wannan duniya ba sauki. A jihar kaiwa da yaki, ya bayyana wa jama'a cewa shi ne don nasu mai kyau. "A duniya - wannan shi ne yaki." Essential kayayyaki a can, da abinci - mai auna raba abinci.

Shock aikin domin amfanin jama'a, extracurricular aiki, da son rai da aiki, jama'a holidays - mai kowa sabon abu a cikin wannan duniya. Mataki na daga kowa dokar - da mutum ba zai iya rayuwa. "Freedom - shi ne bauta." Ma'aikata tsunduma a misinformation Orwellian yawan jama'ar duniya. Halaka da kuma murdiya na takardu, da canzawa daga cikin hujjojin. A dukan wuraren da ƙarya, mai blatant ƙarya. "Jahilci - shi ne iko."

Orwell nauyi, amma da karfi. Hakika, wannan shi ne mafi kyau dystopia. Litattafan da aka rubuta da kyau, daga farko zuwa karshe page imbued tare da m ra'ayin. Marubucin da aka kore kawai kyau nufi - to gargaɗi ga mutãne a zaman bala'i. Nuna cewa tashin hankali, da zaluntar, rashin tausayi, da shirun da jama'a engender cikakken iko. A karshen, farin ciki ne kawai wadanda suka rayu saboda jam'iyyar. Amma cikakken iko ya kashe wani mutum. Ya mayar da shi zuwa ga asali jihar. Ko da more. Cikakken iko ne da ikon hallaka bil'adama.

"Animal Farm"

Na biyu aikin wannan marubucin, an dauki daya daga cikin mafi kyau anti-Utopia - "Animal Farm" (na biyu sunan - "Jawo farm"). Ga marubucin ya nuna ba a jihar, da tsarin siyasa, ko kuma wani tsarin. A wannan aikin, ya classifies mutane ta hanyar kwatanta su da dabbobi.

Tumaki - spineless, wawa mutanen da suka yi, kuma ka ce kawai abin da aka gaya musu. Su iya tunanin kansa, kuma daga wannan duk sababbin abubuwa riskarsa kamar wani abu domin ba. Coney - butulci, mai kyau-natured, son yin kokari domin da ra'ayin dare da rana. A wadannan duniya ya ginu ne. Dogs ba dakatar da datti aiki. Su main aiki - domin a cika nufinsa na mai shi. Sun kasance a shirye su bauta daya a yau, wani gobe, to Hearty abinci.

Ferocious boar Napoleon a George Orwell ta labari recognizable. Man shirye su mõtsar da kursiyinsa a wani wuri, idan kawai don kafa a kan shi da kuma rike wani wajen. A auka, wanda marubucin buga a cikin labari matsayin matasa boar ya zama wani scapegoat. Irin wannan mutum ne dace da kowane ikon - laifi, zarge shi da wani peccadillo. Tare da duk bayyana gilt dan rahoto - shi ne iya sa baki da fari da kuma mataimakin versa. Tabbatacce maƙaryaci da kuma mai ban mamaki orator, shi ya musanya facts na daya kalma kawai.

Satirical, umarni da misalin, wanda shi ne kusa da hakikanin rayuwa. Democracy, daular mulkinsu, gurguzanci, kwaminisanci - abin da ke bambanci. Duk da yake ikon zo mutane, low a son zũciyarsa, kuma hasken dake fitowa, ba wani abu a cikin abin da kasar da kuma abin da oda, jama'a ba ya ganin wani abu mai kyau. A anfanin mutane - wani cancanci m.

sabon duniya

A Aldous Huxley ta labari "Brave New World" ba haka sharri kamar yadda a Orwell. Ya duniya ta dogara ne a kan karfi a duniya jiha, wanda kẽwaye technocracy. Barin wani karamin ajiyar matsayin tattalin arziki disadvantageous, kamar yadda reserves. Zai ze cewa duk abin da yake yi karko da kuma daidai. Amma ba.

Mutane a duniya ya kasu kashi castes: Alpha tsunduma a shafi tunanin mutum aiki - wannan shi ne na farko aji, Alpha-Plus a jagorancin matsayi, alpha-fursunoni - mutane ne kasa rank. Beta - alpha mace. Beta-pluses da minuses, bi da bi, da kwazo da kuma mafi wawa. Delta da kuma gamma - dakin sabis, aikin gona ma'aikata. Epsilons - ƙananan Layer, da kuma wajen tunani retarded yawan, aiwatar yau da kullum inji aiki.

Samfurori girma a gilashin kwalabe, suna kawo up a hanyoyi daban-daban, har ma da launi na tufafi da suka sãɓã wa jũna. Babban yanayin ga wani sabon duniya - da standardization mutane. Taken - "The generality, uniformity da kwanciyar hankali." Kãfirtarsu da labarin, su duk rayuwa na yau. Duk da duk subordinated ga expediency domin amfanin duniya jihar.

Babban matsalar na duniya ne cewa wucin gadi daidaici ba zai iya gamsar da tunanin mutane. Wasu alpha ba zai iya daidaita rayuwar jin cikakken Loneliness da rarrabuwa. Amma ba tare da m abubuwa na sabon duniya shi ne, ba zai yiwu, saboda su ne ke da alhakin kulawa da wasu. Wadannan mutane suna shan sabis kamar aikin gandu ko bauta wa a tsibirin saboda sabani da jama'a.

Meaninglessness na wanzuwar wannan al'umma ne cewa su a kai a kai "wanke" tarar da kwakwalwarmu. Dalilin da rayuwar amfani fara. Suna zaune da kuma aiki domin ya saya wani cikakken ba dole abubuwa. Sun sami damar zuwa iri-iri na bayanai, da kuma sun la'akari da su, don a isasshe ilimi. Amma su basu da sha'awar yin kimiyya ko kai-da ilimi, to girma a ruhaniya. Sun karkatar da qananan da mundane abubuwa. A zuciya na wannan al'umma ne guda totalitarian tsarin mulki.

Idan duk mutane suna iya tunani da kuma jin, da zaman lafiyar na auka. Kuma idan sun ƙaryata shi, suka duka juya a cikin m wawa kwafi masu kunnen doki. Sabõda jama'a ba za su, da shi ne zai maye gurbin da caste shata dabbobi. Tsara al'umma ta kayyade shirye-shirye, lalata dukan manyan cibiyoyin, shi ne daidai da ta hallaka.

A cikin Genre na littafin da aka ambata a sama suna dauke da mafi kyau. Don wadanda kuma sun hada da:

• "A Clockwork Orange" Entoni Berdzhessa (1962).
• "Mun" Yevgeny Zamyatin (1924).
• "Ubangijin Kudaje" by William Golding (1954).

Wadannan ayyuka ne dauke litattafansu. Amma zamani marubuta sun kuma Ya halitta yawa ban mamaki littattafai a cikin utopian salo.

zamani dystopia

Books (jerin mafi kyau za a iya gani a kasa) na wannan karni ne daban-daban daga gargajiya cewa su ne don haka a hankali lauye daban-daban nau'o'i da cewa da wuya ka raba daya daga wasu. A cikinsu akwai kuma abubuwa na almarar kimiyya, da kuma post-Apocalypse, kuma cyberpunk. Amma duk da haka 'yan littattafai da zamani mawallafa cancanci hankalin magoya na dystopia:

• Trilogy Lauren Oliver "Delirium" (2011).
• Kazuo Ishiguro labari "kar a taba bari" (2005).
• Trilogy Syuzen Kollinz 'The Yunwar Wasanni' (2008).

Ba tare da wani shakka, mun dauke da salo ne samun shahararsa. Dystopia kiran masu karatu don ganin duniya, wanda ga su za su taba samun dakin.

Masu karatu a cikin review, yarda a kan abu daya: ba duk dystopian karanta sauƙi. Daga cikin su akwai "m littattafan cewa ba wuya." Amma da ra'ayin ne jigon da aka rubuta kawai abin mamaki: nawa faruwa a cikin litattafan da events reminiscent na zamani a rayuwar, da 'yan baya. Wadannan su ne tsanani kũtsãwa warai litattafan da cewa yin kuke tunani. Mutane da yawa daga cikin littattafan za a iya karanta tare da fensir a hannunsa - mutane tasbĩhi game da yawan wuraren ban sha'awa da kuma quotes. Ba duk dystopian karanta a daya numfashi, amma kowane yanki ya zauna a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar.