Kasashen waje musayar reserves na duniya. Mẽne ne - zinariya da kudin ajiyar ketare?

Kasashen waje musayar reserves - shi ne kasashen waje musayar reserves da kuma kasar ta zinariya. Suna adana a cikin Central Bank. Wadannan kudi ne a zubar da cikin hukumomi. Yi amfani da reserves daga mazauna kasashen waje da cinikayya ma'amaloli, biya kashe waje da kuma cikin gida bashi na kasa, kazalika da zuba jari ayyukan.

bukatar haifar da

Gold da kuma kudin ajiyar ketare da ake bukata a rufe ta wucin gadi wuce haddi na biya a kan daban-daban iri na kasa da kasa biya a kan receipts a cikin kasafin kudin. A size of reserves gudanar da babban bankin kasar, shi ne wani muhimmin nuna alama. Its darajar characterizes da ikon da ke jihar a gudanar da wani m biya alaka waje lissafin.

A wasu kalmomin, da kasashen waje musayar reserves - sosai ruwa kudi da kadarori. Su ne a karkashin iko da jiha da jikin wanda gudanar da monetary iko.

Wadannan kudi, idan ya cancanta, a yi amfani da su da kuɗaɗen da sakamakon gaira a cikin ma'auni na biya.

Ãyõyin zinariya reserves

Reserves da aka gudanar a babban bankin kasar, da wadannan halaye:

- ne kasa high liquidity reserves, wanda suna cikin babban kayan jihar tsari a aiwatar da kasa da kasa biya.

- tsaya wasiya ga wani karfi wuri na jihar a kudi sharuddan.
- ne Wakili ga zaman lafiyar na kasa kudin.
- tabbatar da santsi aiwatar da kasa ta kasa da kasa.

A abun da ke ciki na kasashen waje musayar reserves

Reserves da aka gudanar a Jamhuriyar State Bank, zuwa kashi biyu kungiyoyin na dukiya. A farko daga cikin wadannan sun hada da zinariya, wanda zai iya zama a tsabar kudi da kuma bullion, kazalika da platinum, da azurfa, da lu'ulu'u. Wadannan dukiya ne ko da yaushe zai yiwu sayar, ko in ba haka ba amfani, wanda zai cika da wajibai zuwa sãka da waje bashi.

Kasashen waje musayar reserves na biyu kungiyar - wannan yana nufin a cikin kudin. A Rasha, shi ya hada da Yuro da Amurka dollar. A dukiya na biyu kungiyar a kasar mu gabatar kudin na Japan, kazalika da matsayi na musamman da kuma hakkin a IMF.

Management of kasashen waje musayar reserves

Bunƙasa da kuma aiwatar da uku model fassara da dangantakar domin da kasafi na dukiyar jama'a. Kasashen waje musayar reserves ne a cikin baitul ko ma'aikatar kudi da dukiya. Babban Bankin haka ya karkatar zalla fasaha ayyuka.

Wasu daga cikin zinariya reserves na duniya ne batun da wani takamaiman iko inji, wanda ya zaba cikin baitul na jihar. Saboda haka, misali, yana daukan wuri a Birtaniya.

Kasashen waje musayar reserves na duniya na iya zama a cikin kasar ta babban bankin. Shi ne ma manajan na kaya data. Irin wannan model soma a Jamus da Faransa. A bankunan tsakiya na wadannan kasashe jefa zinariya da kasashen waje musayar reserves da kuma yin m yanke shawara a ci gaba da bayyana reserves. Mixed model na oda da kuma mallaka na kasashen waje musayar reserves dauka a Rasha, Japan da kuma Amurka.

Bukatun ga jihar reserves

Reserves, wanda halitta kowace kasa, suna inshora. Suna kuma iya kare kasa tattalin arzikin na kowane jihar daga yiwu macroeconomic kasada. A wannan batun, Babban Bankin ta zinariya, da kudin reserves saduwa wasu bukatun. Daya daga cikinsu - versatility. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba za ka iya amfani da a duk masana'antu da kuma filayen.

International reserves dole ne kuma suna da ikon hanzari motsa a sarari.

Duk wani jeri na hannun jari azurta su koma kan lokaci. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa abun da kuma samuwar kasashen waje musayar reserves bukatar wasu halin kaka. Revenue daga ajiya reserves na Central Bank ba sama. Duk da haka, a lokacin da wani isasshe manyan yawan States iya shirya mika bashi zuwa wasu kasashen a amfani.

Tasiri a kan hauhawar farashin kaya

Ko da sakamako na kasashen waje musayar reserves na kasar a kan ci gaban da kudi taro depreciation? Wannan tambaya har yanzu ya kasance rigima. Akwai wasu da imani cewa wani karuwa a hannun jari da rage adadin kudi a kasar, taimaka wa rage hauhawar farashin kaya. Duk da haka, mafi masana kimiyya ba su yarda da wannan matsayi. Suna jayayya da cewa wani karuwa a gwamnatin tanadi kumbura kudi yakan kasa.

A aminci na zinariya ajiye

Tabbatar da wani matakin na jama'a hannun jari ba ka damar yin wani adadin ayyuka. Daga cikin su akwai wadannan:

- da kudin na kasar tallafi.
- adana amincewa a siyasa na jihar;
- management na bashi da tsabar kudi.
- Don hana buga a lokacin rikicin da rage waje shigewa kuma ka kiyaye liquidity na kudi a kasashen waje;
- rike da rating na kasar a matsayin abin dogara da kuma m jihar.
- goyi bayan rawar da kasa kudin, samun goyon bayan kasashen waje dukiya.

Rasha zinariya da kudin reserves

Reserves na Central Bank of kasar kafa sassa biyu. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne wuce haddi kudaden shiga samu ta tarayya kasafin kudin. Shi ne saboda su a cikin 2004 da samuwar da shimfida zaman lafiya Asusun na Rasha Federation. Na biyu al'amudin ne na kasa da kasa reserves, wanda aka gudanar da Bank of Rasha. Wadannan wajen, ya bayyana a wani kudin kasashen waje, da daban-daban ayyuka da kuma samuwar kafofin. Duk da haka, a wannan mataki na su zuba jari a tattalin arzikin kasar shi ne dauke da bai dace ba.

Rasha zinariya da kudin ajiyar ketare, kamar yadda na 11.22.2013, amounted zuwa 505,9 dalar Amurka biliyan. Su na asali rabo dama a kan Yuro da dollar (90%). Da tara bisa dari - shi ne zinariya.

Gold RF reserves su ne mafi yawa a cikin dalar Amurka (a kan 64%). Kawai ashirin da bakwai bisa dari a tsarin reserves kasaftawa Yuro. Wadannan alkaluma nuna dollar daidaitacce fitarwa-shigo da ake gudanar da Rasha kera.

Akwai hali zuwa wani karuwa a kasashen waje} addarorin a cikin Central Bank reserves. Da tabbatarwa daga cikin Rasha kasuwar jari. A wannan batun, ya rika ragewa rabo daga cikin monetary zinariya reserves. Wannan shi ne saboda faduwar da AMINCI na zuba jari. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, tanã fita zinariya farashin sun wanzuwa kumbura. Bugu da kari, da kadara ba ruwa. Ba shi yiwuwa a cikin wani gajeren lokaci biya a tsabar kudi. Bugu da kari, zinariya ba ya kawo wani samun kudin shiga na Central Bank. A wannan mahallin ya bayyana motsi a cikin ni'imar kudin kasashen waje dukiya.

Similar trends an lura ga sauran kasashe. A bankunan tsakiya na wani yawan jihohin (da Netherlands, Belgium, Australia, da sauransu.) Shin riga fara sayar da zinariya daga ta reserves.

Amurka zinariya da kudin reserves

American reserves sun dauki duk kudin da cewa shi ne a wurare dabam dabam. Ba tare da shan la'akari da wajen da suke a tsabar kudi vaults hukumomi. Bugu da kari, da zinariya, da US hannun jari hada kudi bankunan da aka adana a cikin jama'a bankunan 'ajiye asusun.

Lokacin da kirga dollar Extended overhang jũya a kan da monetary tushe, wanda ya kunshi bashin da gwamnati, Munã rage darajar wadanda wajibai, wanda suke a cikin balance sheet na Tarayya Reserve System. Lokacin da kirga wannan nuna alama la'akari da darajar kasa da kasa da kuma dukiya daga cikin kasar hukumomi.

Amurka International reserves (data analysis) kawai goma sha biyar bisa dari samar da kudi wadata. Idan waɗanda suke mariƙin na gwamnatin yanke shawara su sãka musu saboda rashin yarda da dollar, da darajar da kudi wadata tsaro zambar kawai uku da cent.

A Amurka da ya rage a duniya, most jihar-mariƙin na zinariya, duk da cewa da data kasance a lokacin da adadin da daraja karfe ne kusan sau uku ƙananan fiye da post-yaki high. A lokaci guda, da size daga cikin jimlar reserves na Central Bank of Turai da kuma duk kasashen Turai ne fiye da dubu goma ton na zinariya, wanda shi ne sama da wannan US gwargwado.

Masana harkokin tattalin arziki bincikar bayanan a kan rabo na zinariya reserves gudanar da kasa, da kuma darajar da jama'a bashi. A wannan batun, da mafi kyau matsayi ne Switzerland, da kuma Amurka - mafi mũnin.

Don zama na farko daga cikin jihohi a duniya cikin sharuddan jari na zinariya da United States yarda su Gwargwadon wuri da ma'aunan kasa fasali. Kawai a lokacin farko da shekaru biyar na abin da ake kira "hakar gwal" da aka samar game da ɗari uku da saba'in da ton na da daraja karfe. Wannan bayyana high rabo na zinariya kamar yadda ɓangare na jihar ajiye a kasar. Yana a halin yanzu tsaye a game da saba'in da hudu da rabi cikin dari. A cikin sharuddan taro ne 8133,5 tons.

Shi ne kuma na halitta abin duniya most zinariya mangaza gina a Amurka. Da mai shi ne Tarayya Reserve Bank. Gaskiyar cewa a cikin denomination a cikin Yuro sashi ne mafi daga cikin rawaya karfe, an bayyana ta gano a yankin na kasa da kasa Asusun bada lamuni. Duk da haka, zinariya reserves a Turai ne ke iko da Amurka Congress. Ko da yanke shawarar sayar da daraja karfe dole ne a yi amfani US ƙuduri.