Jamhuriyar China: tattalin arziki, yawan, tarihi

Mutane da yawa ba su ma sane da cewa duniya yanzu fiye da daya kasar Sin, da kuma biyu, daya ne kawai daga cikinsu yana da prefix "jama'a". Amma dai ba duka. A cikin karni na ashirin da wani gajeren lokaci akwai wanda kasar Sin, amma wannan lokaci da "Soviet". Kokarin gane abin da daya daga cikinsu wanda shi ne.

China

Wannan shi ne mai iko jihar a duniya yadu da aka sani a karkashin more saba sunan "kasar Sin". Yana da aka kafa 01.10.1949 The babban birnin wannan kasa ne a Beijing. China (Sin) ne a gurguzu jihar. Don kwanan wata, shi yana karkashin shugabancin kasar Sin Xi Jinping. Mulki kasar na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin. Wannan kasa ne m memba na kwamitin sulhu na MDD. Kuma da kowane wucewa rana da nauyi a siyasar duniya da kuma tattalin arzikin da aka girma cikin sauri.

Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin a ko da yaushe kula game da tsaro iyawa na kasar. Kamar yadda na yau, kasar Sin tana mai shi daga cikin manyan sojoji a duniya. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ma yana da babban arsenal na makaman nukiliya. The most birane a kasar Sin ne Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin. Duk da cewa wata babbar lamba na mutane da suke zaune a wannan kasa wanda ya yi magana daban-daban yaruka, harshen suna da daya - da Sin.

Kasa wuri da kuma janar bayani game da kasar Sin

Peoples kasar Sin ne ayi a gabashin Asia. Its tsarawa ne 32 ° 48'00 "arewa latitud da kuma 103 ° 05'00" gabas longitude. Wannan jiha bautar da uku wuri a duniya a yankin. Yana maida hankali ne akan wani yanki na kusan 9.6 miliyan murabba'in mita. km. Amma cikin sharuddan yawan tare da kasar Sin, babu wanda zai iya gasa. An kiyasta 2013 yawan 1.366.500.000 mutane a wannan kasa.

China an wanke ta tekuna na tekun Pacific (Gabas China, Yellow, ta Kudu da kasar Sin). Maƙwabtansa ne Rasha, Koriya ta Arewa, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Bhutan, da Nepal, da Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos. Coast na kasar Sin yana farawa daga kan iyaka da Korea ta Arewa da kuma ya zuwa Vietnam. Yana yana da tsawon 14.5 dubu. Km. All sau ne kasar Sin yayi dace da +8. Telephone kasar code +86.

Sin Tattalin Arziki

Peoples kasar Sin shi ne daya daga cikin shugabannin da tattalin arzikin duniya. Saboda haka, a shekarar 2013, ta GDP ya 7.318.000.000.000.000 dalar Amurka, dangane da yawan jama'a na kasar ne 6569 daloli. Gross samfurin a sayen ikon parity (PPP) amounted zuwa 12 383 tiriliyan dalar Amurka. A da capita sharuddan, shi nawa zuwa $ 9828. A watan Disamba 2014, kasar Sin ta tattalin arzikin da ya zama na farko a duniya a kan wannan nuna alama.

A Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin kasa kudin ne renminbi (CNY). Yana yayi dace da wani dijital code na kasar na asalin 156. The tattalin arzikin da kasar caccanza. A daidai wannan lokaci, kasar Sin ne a gane shugaban duniya a samar da yawa iri masana'antu kayayyakin, kamar motoci da kayan. Yana fitar da kaya zuwa kusan kowace kasa, wata babbar adadin mabukaci kaya, don haka shi ne sau da yawa ake kira "duniya ta factory". China - mafi girma a mariƙin na kasashen waje musayar reserves.

China yawan

Human Development Index (HDI) a 2014, kasar Sin ranked 91 th tsakanin kasashen. Ya kasance 0,719, wanda shi ne mai kyau sakamakon. Demonym (sunan da mazaunan wani musamman Locality) sauti kamar "Sin", "Sin", "Sin".

A kasar Sin akwai dubun daban-daban al'ummai (56 hukumance gane). Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin su kwastan, hadisai, kayayyaki, abinci. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna da nasu harshe. Dukkan wadannan kananan mutane a total lissafi don kawai 7% na yawan wannan jiha. The girma na zaune a kasar Sin - China, suka kira kansu da "Han".

Duk da cewa tun a shekarar 1979, kasar tana kasancewa ne m haihuwa iko, shekara-shekara na halitta karuwa daga cikin yawan ci gaba da girma sosai a hannunsu. A tsawon rayuwar jama'ar kasar Sin shi ne shekaru 71 da haihuwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru, da rabo daga birane da karkara mazauna ne kusan daidai, ya nuna cewa, kasar high kudi na urbanization. A jama'ar na jama'ar kasar Jamhuriyar professes wadannan manyan addinai - addinin Buddha, Taoism, Confucianism.

Janar Tarihi na Sin

China - daya daga cikin tsofaffin jihohi a duniya. Wasu masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa wayewa cewa Jihar na da game da 5000 shekaru. Samuwa rubuta kafofin tabbatar da cewa, a kasar Sin riga 3.5 shekara dubu da suka wuce akwai administrative abokai da suka ci gaba kula da tsarin. Alternating tare da kowane daular shugabanni aiki a kan ta kyautata. A tattalin arzikin wannan kasa ya ko da yaushe aka dogara ne a kan ci gaban aikin noma.

A cikin babban rawa a cikin tsanani ga tabbatarwa na Sin wayewa taka leda da gabatarwar Confucianism a matsayin jihar akidar da kuma hadade rubuce-rubuce tsarin. Haka ya faru a cikin II-na karni BC. Domin daruruwan shekaru da daban-daban da mulkoki da larduna, da suke a cikin ƙasa, da a hade, sa'an nan suka sãɓa. A daidai wannan lokaci na gida mutane sha wahala daga akai harin na makiyaya. Don kare su da aka gina ta Great Wall of China. Su na shekaru dubbai wannan m wayewar ci gaba, suka yi jihãdi, assimilated da kewaye Asian al'ummai. Modern kasar Sin ne sakamakon ƙarni-tsohon siyasa da al'adu matakai.

Su na shekaru dubbai wannan jiha mulki ta hanyar sarakunan daban-daban dauloli. Jamhuriyar Sin, da ake kira Zhonghua mingo, dade daga 1911 zuwa 1949

12/02/1912, na karshe sarki, PU Yi, sa hannu da abdication daga cikin kursiyin. A wannan jiha mai Republican nau'i na gwamnati da aka gabatar a dokar, amma a gaskiya a cikin lokaci daga 1911 zuwa 1949, ya ci gaba a lokacin "Time na matsaloli." A daidai wannan lokaci, kasar Sin m up cikin daban-daban a jihar abokai tasowa a karkashin lardin sojojin raka'a. Kawai a cikin shekara ta 1949, jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin Army (CPC) ya zama nasara a yakin basasar faruwa a yankin ƙasarta. Wannan ya ƙwarai da gudummawar da goyon bayan da Tarayyar Soviet. CCP lashe Jam'iyyar Conservative na kasar Sin, da ake kira Kuomintang. Shugabanni na karshen gudu zuwa Taiwan. Akwai, sai suka zama cikin wadanda suka kafa a jihar kamar kasar Sin.

shela da jamhuriyar

A cikin watan Satumba 1949, karkarar China na zamani shiga da jama'ar kasar Sin da shawara Council. Shi ya sanar da jama'ar kasar Jamhuriyar ilimi. A wannan lokaci ya kuma an zabe cikin Tsakiya Mutane ta gwamnatin Council (majalissar CPPCC), wanda ya zama shugaban Mao Tszedun. A shekarar 1954, a kasar Sin, kundin tsarin mulki da aka soma, sake suna TSNPS a zaunannen kwamitin majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar.

A lokacin daga shekarar 1949 zuwa shekarar 1956, Tarayyar Soviet fassara duk taimako ga jihar, a cikin halittar asali masana'antu. nationalization da collectivization aka za'ayi a kan ƙasa na Jamhuriyar. Gagarumin taki suka fara samar gurguzu yi. A shekarar 1956, wani sabon Hakika na ci gaba da aka ayyana a kasar, ta hanyar abin da ya zama cikin jiki a rayuwa da ra'ayoyi na Mao Zedong da "communisation" siyasa da kuma "babban tsalle a gaba". Daga shekarar 1966 zuwa shekarar 1976, kasar Sin da aka sanar da "al'adu juyin juya halin", wanda ya kai ga karfafa ajin gwagwarmaya. Jerin gwanon a kan "na musamman" hanya na ci gaba, a jihar da kuma jama'a, game da kayayyakin masarufi-kudi dangantakar, ya dakatar da ba jihar siffofin dukiya, daskararre waje huldar cinikaiya da kuma rike jama'a gwaji.

A farkon na "tattalin arziki mu'ujiza"

Akuma iko Den Syaopin tone manufofin wanda ya gada, kuma a shekarar 1977 ya kaddamar da wani sabon yaƙin neman zaɓe, da ake kira "Beijing Spring". A shekarar 1978, a plenum na kwamitin kudi da aka zayyana a gurguzu kasuwar tattalin arzikin. Ta yi takamaiman fasali. Ta ya kamata ya hada da shiryawa da kuma rarraba da kuma kasuwar tsarin da wani gagarumin janye daga kasashen waje zuba jari. Kamfanonin kasar Sin sun sami karin cin gashin a cikin tattalin arziki da ayyukan. Yana da aka rage muhimmanci a cikin jama'a kansu tattalin arzikin bude free tattalin arziki zones. Great hankali ne ya biya zuwa shawo kan matsalar talauci na yawan jama'ar, kazalika da kimiyya da kuma ci gaban fasaha.

By karshen 80s karni na ashirin da yawan jama'a na kasar da aka cikakken bayar da abinci. A kowace shekara, yawan GDP da kuma masana'antu samar sun yi haƙuri karu. Den Syaopina sake fasalin sun samu nasarar saka a cikin yi da kuma bi ta karba:

• 1993 - Tszyan Tszemin.
• 2002 - Hu Tszintao.
• tun 2012 - Xi Jinping.

China Jihar tsarin

Taba rubuta a kasar da aka sanya 4 na kundin tsarin mulki (1954, 1975, 1978, 1982 gg.). Kamar yadda na karshe na su, kasar Sin tana mai gurguzu jihar na mutane mulkin demokra] iyya mulkin kama karya. Its mafi dalĩli ne unicameral majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar (majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar). Ya ƙunshi wani babban yawan wakilai, (2979), wanda aka zabe su domin 5-shekara yankin zaben. NPC ya gana shekara. Don shiga cikin zaben yarda ne kawai 'yan jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Sin da kuma 8 na "mulkin demokra] iyya" jam'iyyun, wanda wani bangare ne na majalissar CPPCC (ta jama'ar kasar Sin shawara kan harkokin siyasa Council). A mafi zartarwa jiki - majalisar kasa, ko (as shi ne sau da yawa ake kira) da Jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Gwamnati. Ya kunshi: Prime tare da wakilai,, ministoci, Odita Janar, talakawa yan, da sakataren zartarwa. Highest kotu - Koli Mutane kotun. Babbar rawa wajen ci gaban kasar ta taka,} ananan hukumomi, - majalisar wakilan jama'ar da zartarwa, kuma Gudanarwa (kasa) gwamnati.

Don kwanan wata, da kansa majalisar dokoki, akwai Yankunan musamman, wato - a Hong Kong da kuma Macau. The shugaban na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin, Xi Jinping, ba ya hana dangantakar abokantaka tare da magaji na da Tarayyar Soviet - Rasha Federation. A kowace shekara da aminci tsakanin kasashen biyu da kuma hadin gwiwa ne samun lokacinta. Ofishin jakadancin na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin a Rasha Federation dora muhimmanci ga kara karfafa dangantakar da ke tsakanin} asashenmu.

administrative division

Kamar yadda China - babbar a sikelin da kuma yawan jihar, shi yana da matukar hadaddun administrative tsarin. China bada iko a kan 22 larduna, da gwamnati ya yi ĩmãni 23rd adminedinitsey Taiwan. A tsarin wannan jiha kuma ya hada 5 Zhicheng, 4 municipalities (birni tsakiyar iko), 2 musamman yankin naúrar. Tare, suna kira "babban yankin kasar Sin". Raba administrative raka'a su ne: Hong Kong da Macao da Taiwan.

A gaskiya, a kasar Sin, akwai matakai na karamar:

• lardin (23 larduna, birane tsakiyar karkashi 4, 5 da kuma 2 m musamman yankin).
• Circuit (15 jahohi aimak 3, 286 da kuma 30 a birane gundumomi m).
• County (kananan hukumomi 1455 talakawa, 370 - birni, 117 - m. 857 talakawa kuma musamman gundumar 4; 49 sauki da kuma m khoshuns 3);
• Parish (13,587 da kuma 1085 National al'ada kananan hukumomi, 19.683 shiri 106 sauki da kuma 1 kasa TJS 2 County yankin umurninSa, kuma titi kwamitin 7194).
• yankunan karkara (birane ungwanni, al'ummomin, kauyuka).

Hong Kong ne daya daga cikin cibiyoyinsu na duniya. A wannan gwamnan yankin musamman na kasar Sin, wanda ya shũɗe a karkashin ta iko a 1997, shi ne gida zuwa fiye da miliyan 7 mutane. Macau - m ƙasa (tsohon Portuguese mallaka), inda fiye da mutane miliyan 0.5.

Jamhuriyar China

Dole ne mu yanzu magance jihohin dake kan wannan ƙasa. Wane ne kasar Sin? Amma shi ne kome kamar Taiwan, wanda gwamnatin kasar Sin ya ɗauki 23rd lardin na kasar. Wannan tsibirin a cikin Pacific Ocean aka located 150 km kashe gabas Coast na babban yankin kasar Sin. Tsakanin su ne Taiwan. A yankin na tsibirin ne 36 sq. M. km.

wannan jiha ta samu 'yancin kai da aka zayyana a kan 10.10.1911 birnin, amma har yanzu yana da wani m diplomasiyya fitarwa. Taiwan ta hukuma harshe - Sin. Its babban birnin kasar - Taipei. Wannan jamhuriyar ne dimokuradiyya da Semi-tsarin shugaba na gwamnati da kuma ke wahala. Don kwanan wata, Taiwan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi cigaban kasashen dake yankin. Yana da wani ɓangare na abin da ake kira "hudu Asian damisa". Shugaban Jamhuriyar ne gauraye Ma Intszyu.

Flag na kasar Sin shi ne mai ja flag, NUNA da Earth, tare da blue murabba'i mai dari a saman kwanar hagu, wanda yake shi ne sama. Yana nuna wani farin rana. Flag na kasar Sin na farko ya bayyana a 1928 a cikin Kuomintang.

A Taiwan, gida don game da 23,3 mutane miliyan. Tare da GDP da capita a 2013 amounted zuwa 39 767 dalar Amurka, wanda shi ne 11 sau ya fi girma fiye da wannan adadi a kasar Sin. Taiwan fasahar masana'antu taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. Kuma da darajar daga shekara zuwa shekara kawai qara. Tattalin arzikin da kasar Sin nasarar ci gaba a kan baya shekarun da suka gabata ta hanyar yin amfani da fasahar ta zamani, kuma mãdalla da ilimi na al'ummar jihar. The kudin na wannan kasa - Taiwan Dollar.

Ilimi na Jamhuriyar Sin har shekaru da dama ɓullo da haka cewa shi ko da yaushe daukan la'akari da canza bukatar girma tattalin arzikin. Don kwanan wata, lokacin da wajibi na asali ilimi shi ne 9 shekaru. Kwanan nan, Taiwan hukuma so a mika wannan zuwa shekaru 12. A dukan ilimi tsarin da aka fi mayar da son zuciya wajen nazarin fasaha kimiyyar. A sakamakon horo digiri da daya daga cikin mafi matakan horo a ilimin lissafi da kuma kimiyya.

Sin Soviet Jamhuriyar

An epoch na gurguzanci-kwaminisanci, mutane da yawa sun dade manta. 'Yan mutane san cewa akwai irin wannan jiha, kamar yadda kasar Sin Soviet Republic. Yana dade sosai dogon. Wannan kananan jihar da aka halitta a shekarar 1931 a karkashin shugabancin jam'iyyar kwaminis a cikin ta Kudu Central kasar Sin (Jiangxi). A 1937 an canza kama zuwa wani yanki.

Sin Soviet Jamhuriyar yana da kansa flag, da wucin gwamnatin, cikin kundin tsarin mulki, da dokoki, monetary da ãyõyinMu, kuma sauran jihar halaye. Da majalisar jama'ar kasar Commissars na jamhuriyar karkashin jagorancin kõwa fãce Mao Tszedun, wanda daga baya ya zama cikin dogon lokacin da shugaban na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin. Soja goyon bayan wannan kasar ta zama cikin Tsakiya Army Group. Yana kunshi sojoji na Mao Zedong da kuma Zhu De. A 1931-1932 gg. akwai wani reorganization na Red Army.

Babban Gwargwadon yanayin da Sin Soviet Jamhuriyar kasance: ma'adinai matsayi, karkara, rashin sadarwa, wanda gudunmwar da kariya da waje makiya. An sanaki game da miliyan 5 mutane.