Hujja juyin halitta. Embryology, cytology, biogeographic shaida: misalai

Don kwanan wata, kimiyya yana da yawa daga shaida, don tallafa wa gaskiya juyin tafiyar matakai. Mene ne mafi muhimmanci hujja da juyin halitta? Jujjuyawar, biochemical, kwayoyin, biogeographical da sauran shaida sake nazari a cikin wannan labarin.

Common asalin Rayayye duniya

Yana da wuya tabbatar, amma duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta (kwayoyin, fungi, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi) da kusan guda sinadaran abun da ke ciki. A cikin jiki, kowane wakilin rayuwa duniya suna da muhimmanci nucleic acid da sunadaran. Lokacin da wannan ya auku ba kawai kamance a cikin tsari, amma kuma a cikin aiki na sel da kyallen takarda. Hujja juyin halitta (embryology, biogeographic, kwayoyin misalai za a iya samu a cikin wannan labarin) - shi ne wani muhimmin batu, wanda ya kamata a shiryar da kowane.

Ya kamata a haifa tuna cewa kusan dukan abubuwa masu rai a duniya an hada da Kwayoyin, waɗanda wasu ƙananan, "tubalin" babban rayuwa. Duk da haka, su aiki da tsarin ne sosai kama ko da kuwa da irin kwayoyin.

Jujjuyawar shaida ga juyin halitta: taƙaice

Akwai da dama daga mahaifa shaida su goyi bayan ka'idar juyin halitta. Da dama daga cikinsu aka gano a cikin karni na sha tara. Modern malaman da su ba kawai bai kãfirta, amma kuma karfafa ta da yawa wasu dalilai.

Embryology - da kimiyya da abin ya shafa tare da nazarin tayi ci gaban kwayoyin. An sani cewa kowane kwayar dabba tasowa daga wani kwai. Kuma cewa kama a farkon matakai na tayi ci gaba ne a wasiya ga asalinsu daya ne.

Hujja na Karla Bera

Wannan sanannen masanin kimiyya, wanda gudanar da yawa gwaje-gwajen, ya iya ganin cewa duk chordates da cikakken kama a farko mataki na ci gaba. Alal misali, na farko a cikin tayi tasowa tsirkiya, sa'an nan da na tsarin jijiya tube da kuma gills. Yana da cikakken kamancin tãyuna a wani wuri mataki da kuma magana game da hadin kai na asalin duk chordates.

Riga a lokacin baya, saukarwa ne m bambance-bambance a fasali. Scientist Carl Baer iya Kiyaye cewa kawai a cikin ãyõyin da irin za a iya ƙaddara a farkon matakai na tayi tayin, to wanda kwayoyin. Kawai daga baya ta bayyana da siffofin halayyar da aji, kuma a karshe detachment jinsunan.

Hujja Haeckal-Müller

By mahaifa shaida ga juyin halitta sun hada da dokar da Haeckal-Müller, da nuna dangantakar mutum da kuma tarihi ci gaba. Masana kimiyya sun dauke da cewa kowane kwayar dabba tasowa, gudanar guda cell mataki, watau zygote. Alal misali, kowane wata kwayar kwayoyin a farkon matakai na raya kasa ya bayyana tsirkiya, wanda daga baya aka maye gurbinsu da kashin baya. Duk da haka, da zamani dabba magabatan wannan ɓangare na musculoskeletal tsarin da ba.

By mahaifa shaida ga juyin halitta sun hada da ci gaban da gill slits a dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye. Wannan al'amari ya tabbatar da asalin na karshen daga cikin magabatan na aji Pisces.

Haeckal-Müller doka ta ce, a kowace kwayar dabba a lokacin da tayi ci gaban da mutum ke ta duk matakai na phylogeny (tarihi, juyin ci gaba).

Ilimin Halittar Jiki shaida ga juyin halitta

Akwai uku da manyan ilimin Halittar Jiki shaida ga juyin halitta. Wadannan sun hada da:

1. A gaban alamun cewa sun kasance yanzu a cikin magabatan dabbobi. Alal misali, wasu Whales iya girma Hind kafafu da kuma dawakai - kananan hooves. Wadannan cututtuka zai iya faruwa a cikin mutane. Alal misali, akwai lokuta na ciwon baby da wutsiya, ko lokacin farin ciki gashi a jiki. Irin wannan atavisms za a iya daukan shaida na mazan kwayoyin.
2. A gaban a Flora da fauna da tsaka-tsakin yanayi na kwayoyin. Yana da daraja idan akai la'akari evglenu kore. Ta a lokaci guda akwai ãyõyi dabbobi da shuke-shuke. A gaban da ake kira mika mulki siffofin tabbatar da ka'idar juyin halitta.
3. Rudiments - underdeveloped gabobin ko sassan jiki, wanda a yau ba su da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da muhimmanci. Wadannan Tsarin fara nunawa a farkon lokacin tayi, anan amma a kan lokaci su Farawa tsaya a nan ba, suka kasance underdeveloped. Ilimin Halittar Jiki misalai na shaida ga juyin halitta za a iya daukan koyo, kamar Whales ko tsuntsaye. A farko mutane da pelvic abin ɗamara, yayin da na biyu - da ba dole ba kananan tibia. Very m misali an dauki matsayin gaban rudimentary ido a kan makãho dabbobi.

biogeographical dalilai

Kafin la'akari da wannan shaida, wajibi ne a fahimci abin da karatu biogeography. Wannan kimiyya ne nazari na alamu na yaduwar rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a duniya. A farko sada bayanai fara bayyana a cikin karni na sha takwas BC.

Biogeographic shaida ga juyin halitta za a iya karatu da la'akari da zoogeographical katin. Masana kimiyya sun gano ta shida manyan yankunan da babba iri-iri na rayuwa a kan wakilainsu.

Duk da bambance-bambance a Flora da fauna, wakilan zoogeographic yankuna har yanzu suna da yawa irin wannan fasali. Ko, a akasin wannan, m baya da nahiyoyi, da mafi daban-daban a kan ma'abũtansu. Alal misali, a kan ƙasa na Eurasia da kuma Arewacin Amirka za a iya gani sosai kama fauna, saboda wadannan nahiyoyi rabu da juna ba haka ba da dadewa. Amma Australia, wadda aka rabu daga wasu nahiyoyi ga dama, miliyoyin shekaru kafin, halin da sosai peculiar fauna.

Features na Flora da fauna a kan tsibiran

Biogeographic shaida ga juyin halitta ne ma daraja karatu, nazarin wasu daga cikin tsibirin. Alal misali, rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsibiran, kawai kwanan nan rabu daga ɓangaren duniya, ba su bambanta ba yawa daga cikin dabbobi duniya kansu nahiyoyi. Amma dogon tsibirin, located a wata babbar nesa daga ɓangaren duniya, da yawa bambance-bambance a cikin dabba da shuka duniya.

Evidence a filin na binciken burbushin halittu

Palaeontology - da kimiyya da karatu da sauran dadaddun halittu. Masana kimiyya tare da gwaninta a cikin wannan yanki, tare da amincewa iya gaya, cewa kwayoyin da suka gabata da kuma na yanzu da biyu da yawa kamance da kuma bambance-bambance. Kuma tabbaci ne na ci gaba. Jujjuyawar, biogeographic, kwayoyin da akan burbushin halitta muhawara mun riga dauke.

phylogenetic bayanai

Irin bayanan ne mai girma misali da wani tabbaci na tsarin juyin halitta, kamar yadda suka ba da damar su fahimci peculiarities na mutum kungiyoyin na kwayoyin.

Alal misali, sanannen masanin kimiyya VO Kovalevsky ya iya nuna a lokacin juyin halitta da dawakai misali. Ya tabbatar da cewa wadannan dabbobi sun samo asali daga odnopalye biyar-fingered kakanninsu da suke zaune a wannan duniyar ta mu game da shekaru miliyan saba'in da suka wuce. Wadannan dabbobi su ne omnivores da kuma rayuwa a cikin gandun daji. Duk da haka, canje-canje a cikin sauyin yanayi sun jagoranci wani m karu a gandun daji yankin da kuma fadada daga cikin steppe zone. Domin daidaita da sabon yanayi, wadannan dabbobi yi koyi da tsira a gare su. Da bukatar a sami mai kyau wurin kiwo da kuma kariya daga yara ya haddasa juyin halitta. Fiye da yawa, wannan ya haddasa canje-canje a cikin extremities. Yawan phalanges rage daga biyar zuwa daya. Sai ya zama daban-daban da kuma tsarin da dukan kwayoyin.

Hujja juyin halitta (embryology, biogeographical da sauran misalai da muka tattauna a wannan talifin), za ka iya la'akari da misalin dadaddun nau'in. Da sauƙi, ka'idar juyin halitta, har yanzu ana ci gaba. Masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna kokarin samun ƙarin bayani game da ci gaba da kuma canje-canje a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.