SamuwarKimiyya

History of Chemistry takaice: description, bayyanar da ci gaba. A Short Tarihi na Chemistry

Asalin da kimiyya na kayan za a iya dangana ga lokaci na tsufa. A zamanin d Helenawa san na bakwai karafa da kuma da dama wasu gami. Zinariya, da azurfa, da tagulla, da kuza, da gubar, da baƙin ƙarfe, da Mercury - Waɗannan su ne abubuwa da aka sani a lokacin. History of sunadarai ya fara da m ilmi. Su ne msar tambayar fahimtar aka farko Kanmu da daban-daban masana kimiyya da falsafa da - Aristotle, Plato, da kuma Empedocles. Na farkon su yi imani da cewa kowane daga cikin wadannan abubuwa za a iya tuba a cikin wani. Ya danganta wannan zuwa ga wanzuwar bigiren al'amarin, wanda shi ne farkon duk farkon.

tsoho falsafa

Har ila yau, kowa ya imani da cewa a cikin zuciya na kowane abu a duniya ne hade da hudu abubuwa - ruwa, wuta, ƙasa kuma iska. Yana da wadannan sojojin na halitta ne da alhakin transmutation na karafa. Lokaci guda, da V a. BC. e. akwai wani ka'idar atomism, wanda suka kafa sun Leucippus da almajiri Democritus. Wannan koyaswar shelanta cewa duk abubuwa an hada da minti barbashi. Suka kira kwayoyin halitta. Ko da yake wannan ka'idar ya ba same hujjojin kimiyya a tsufa, shi da rukunan taimako na zamani sunadarai a cikin 'yan lokutan.

Masar Alchemy

Aƙalla a cikin II karni BC. e. Kimiyya ta zama wani sabon cibiyar na Masar Alexandria. Akwai kuma ya bayyana Alchemy. Wannan horo ta taso a matsayin kira na msar tambayar ideas na Plato da kuma m ilmi Helenawa. A tarihin wannan zamani ne halin da ya karu sha'awa cikin sunadarai zuwa karafa. Domin su, da shi da aka buga da classic alama ce da nan aka sani taurari da kuma wani sarari suKe jikinsu. Ga misali, da azurfa aka nuna a matsayin wata, da na baƙin ƙarfe - kamar yadda Mars. Tun da kimiyya a wancan lokacin ya rabuwa daga addini, da kuma Alchemy, kamar yadda a cikin wani kimiyya horo, ya ta da majiɓinci, Allah (Thoth).

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci malamai na cewa lokaci ya Bolus na Mendes, wanda ya rubuta a rubutun "Physics da kuma Sufi." A da shi, ya kwatanta da karafa da kuma duwatsu masu daraja (da darajar dũkiyõyinsu). Wani alchemist Zosimus Panopolit a cikin ayyukansu bincika da wucin gadi hanyoyin samar da zinariya. A general, da tarihi na fitowan sunadarai ya fara tare da search na daraja karfe. Alchemists kokarin yin zinariya ta hanyar experimentation ko sihiri.

Masar alchemists karatu ba kawai da karafa kansu, amma kuma da ores daga abin da suka kasance cirewa. Kuma haka dai aka bude amalgam. Wannan irin karfe gami da Mercury, wanda ya riƙi wani wuri na musamman a zama na gaba na alchemists. Wasu tunani ya primary abu. Don wannan lokaci sun hada da samu hanyar yin amfani da zinariya tsarkakewa da kuma gubar nitrate.

Arab Open

Idan kasashe a cikin Hellenistic tarihi na sunadarai ya fara, sa'an nan ya ci gaba da shi ƙarni daga baya a lokacin da Larabawa zinariya shekaru lõkacin da matasa malaman Musulunci sun kasance a sahun gaba adam kimiyya. Wadannan masu bincike sun gano mutane da yawa sabon abubuwa, kamar antimony ko phosphorus. Mafi yawa daga cikin na musamman ilimi amfani da magani da kuma kantin magani domin ci gaba da kwayoyi da kuma magunguna. Shaci na tarihin sunadarai, ba tare da ya ambaci na Falsafa ta dutse - mai yanci abu da damar don juya duk wani abu a cikin zinariya, ba zai yiwu.

Around da shekara 815 Larabawa alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan tsara Mercury-sulfuric ka'idar. Ta bayyana asalin da sabon karfe. Wadannan ka'idojin sun zama muhimman hakkokin ga Alchemy ne ba kawai Larabci, amma kuma na Turai makaranta.

Turai alchemists na tsakiyar zamanai

Saboda Jihadi da kuma more kowa gabashi da yammacin Kirista malamai karshe koya game da binciken na Musulmi. Tun da XIII karni shi ne Turawa dauki wani m jagorancin matsayi a kayan bincike. History of Chemistry na tsakiyar zamanai binta yawa zuwa Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Raymond Lully, da sauransu. D.

Ya bambanta da Turai karatu na Larabci kimiyya aka imbued tare da ruhun da addinin Kirista da kuma mythology. Babban cibiyoyin nazari kayan fara gidajen lama. Daya daga cikin na farko da manyan nasarorin da Ruhbãnãwa haƙĩƙa sunã da aka gano ammonia. Yana shi ne shahararren theologian Bonaventura. Bude alchemists kadan shafi al'umma, muddin Roger Bacon ya bayyana foda a 1249. A tsawon lokaci, wannan abu ya kawo canji, a fagen da kuma harsasai sojojin.

A XVI karni Alchemy tsiwirwirinsu impetus matsayin likita horo. Mafi san aiki Paraltsesa wanda ya gano da yawa magunguna.

sabon lokaci

A canji da kuma zuwan na zamani sau iya ba amma shafi da kuma sunadarai. Ta samu kawar da more kuma mafi addini sautunan, zama empirical da kuma gwaji kimiyya. A majagaba na wannan Trend ya zama Robert Boyle, wanda ya sa a gaban da sunadarai na wani takamaiman burin - a sami matsayin da yawa sunadarai kamar yadda zai yiwu, kazalika don nazarin abun da ke ciki da kuma dukiyoyinsu.

A 1777, Antuan Lavuaze tsara da oxygen ka'idar konewa. Sai ya zama da tushe ga halittar wani sabon kimiyya nomenclature. History of Chemistry, a takaice ya bayyana a cikin littafi "Elementary Course na Chemistry", Ya sanya wani nasara. Lavoisier wani sabon tebur daga cikin sauki abubuwa, dangane da dokar da kiyayewa taro. Canje-canjen da ra'ayoyi da kuma Concepts game da yanayin da abubuwa. Yanzu, sunadarai ya zama mai zaman kanta m kimiyya, wanda dogara ne kawai a kan gwaje-gwajen da real shaida.

XIX karni

A farkon karni XIX Dzhon Dalton tsara da atomic ka'idar al'amarin tsarin. A gaskiya ma, ya maimaita kuma kara bunkasa koyarwar tsoho Falsafa Democritus. A amfani akwai irin wannan lokaci kamar yadda atomic taro.

Tare da bude daga cikin sababbin dokokin da aka bai da wani sabon impetus ga tarihin sunadarai. A takaice, a nuna na XVIII da XIX ƙarni. akwai ilmin lissafi da kuma ta jiki theories, wanda ana iya da kwakwalensu bayyana by iri-iri na abubuwa a duniya. Opening Dalton da aka tabbatar a lokacin da wani Swedish masanin kimiyya Jens Jakob Berzelius daure kwayoyin halitta da wutar lantarki zura sandunan ɗaukarsa. Ya kuma buga da yanzu saba abubuwa koma zuwa matsayin Latin haruffa.

atomic taro

A 1860, chemists duniya a majalisa a Krlsrue gane muhimman hakkokin atomic-kwayoyin ka'idar, samarwa da Stanislao Cannizzaro. Tare da taimakon da zumunta nauyi na oxygen da aka lasafta. Saboda haka tarihin sunadarai (a takaicce bayyana shi sosai wuya) ga dama shekaru da dama da ya zo dogon hanya.

A zumunta atomic taro a yarda wa systematize dukan abubuwa. A cikin XIX karni aka samarwa da dama zabin a kan yadda za su yi da shi ya fi dace da m. Amma mafi kyau duka shi yi nasara Rasha Dmitri masanin kimiyya Mendeleev. Ya lokaci-lokaci tsarin na abubuwa, samarwa a 1869, ya zama tushe ga zamani sunadarai.

zamani sunadarai

A 'yan shekarun da suka gabata daga baya an gano electron da kuma sabon abu na radioactivity. Wannan ya tabbatar da dogon-tsaye zaton game da divisibility na zarra. Bugu da kari, wadannan da wasu binciken ba impetus ga ci gaban iyakar horo tsakanin sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi. Akwai model na atomic tsarin.

A takaice dai zane na tarihin sunadarai ba zai iya yi ba tare da tunani zuwa jimla makanikai. Wannan horo zai shafi gabatar da links a cikin littattafai. New hanyoyin da bincike na kimiyya da ilmi da kuma ra'ayoyinsa. Waɗannan su ne daban-daban bambancin da X-ray spectroscopy da kuma amfani.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da tarihi na sunadarai, a takaice aka bayyana a sama, da aka alama ta babban sakamako a tare da ilmin halitta da kuma magani. New jamiái suna amfani da ko'ina a zamani magunguna da sauransu. G. Sunadaran tsarin da aka yi karatu, DNA da kuma sauran muhimman abubuwa a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A takaice dai zane na tarihin sunadarai zai iya haifar da bude sabon abubuwa a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur cewa an gwaje samu.

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