Chitin - abin da yake da shi? Aikace-aikace na chitin

Idan ka yi tunanin cewa da fari an ci abinci kawai a gabas ta tsakiya da kuma wasu kasashen Afirka, kana ƙwarai kuskure. Jita-jita daga kwari, a gaskiya, a kai a kai ta cinye mu. An yi imani da cewa su suna da amfani. Shekaru da dama, da chitin ne kunshe a cikin abun da ke ciki na abinci, kayan shafawa, magunguna.

Ko da a cikin m thread da bandeji da shekaru da yawa kara wa abu ko amfani a cikin yi da su Kalam. A Japan ya fara yi da farko. M fashion su tsince Amurkawa da kuma Turawa. Yanzu Russia sun shiga wannan abu.

Chitin: abin da shi ne

Mene ne abu a tambaya? Bari mu fuskanci shi. Wadanda daga cikin mu suka ba truant a makaranta ilmin halitta darussa, ba shakka, su saba da al'amarin, matsayin chitin. Abin da shi ne, da aka sani zuwa ga mutane da yawa. Wannan abu ya kunshi crayfish. Duk da haka, ba kawai wadannan dabbobi suna da shi. Chitin ne wani ɓangare na exoskeleton na arthropod: kwari (malam, beetles) da kuma Shellfish (lobster, jatan lande, kaguwa).

Wannan abu, a Bugu da kari, kuma an samu a cikin cell bango na fungi da kuma yeasts. Kuma algae - ba su hana su shuke-shuke. Chitin ne ma a cikin su cell bango.

Chitin tsarin, da tsarin da abu

Bayani game da kaddarorin da kuma tsarin da cellulose (mafi muhimmanci wakilin polysaccharide cewa ne manyan tsarin bangaren na shuke-shuke) a yau gabatar a cikin adabi a wani m form. Duk da haka, bayani game da abin da tsarin chitin, shi ne da yawa karami. Duk da haka, shi ne ainihin dalilin da kwarangwal tsarin, wanda ke goyon bayan tsarin tantanin halitta kafa masana'anta a cikin cuticle na kwari, crustacean bawo, cell bango na jikin kwayoyin cutar da fungi. Abin da chitinous Tsarin cikin kwari da crustaceans muhimmi taurin, saboda da samuwar takamaiman chitin-carbonate hadaddun. Ya bayyana a sakamakon shaida abubuwa a kan alli carbonate ban sha'awa mana, da abubuwa a matsayin irin inorganic matrix.

Akwai wasu kama tsakanin tsarin da cellulose, kuma chitin. Duk da haka, sabanin na farko, chitin substituent a 2nd carbon zarra shi ne na farko naúrar acetamide kungiyar. A cellulose, wannan rawa da aka buga da hydroxyl. Macromolecules 'yan qasar chitin (Ina nufin, na halitta) haka yawanci dauke da wani yawan raka'a tare da free farko amino kungiyoyin.

Amfani Properties na chitin

Wannan abu da aka kara da cewa a don bunkasa ƙanshi da kuma iyawa abinci, inganta bayyanar, ko ake amfani da matsayin hana aifuwa na maza. Akwai abin da ake ci kari a cikin abin da aka dauke. Abun da ke ciki chitin ne cewa wannan abu yana da magani Properties. Amfanin an yi imani da su zama kamar haka:

• Yana damuarn ci gaban da ciwon daji Kwayoyin.
• Yana kare jikin mu daga kufan radiation;
• inganta tsarin na rigakafi.
• Yana hana ci gaban shanyewar jiki da kuma zuciya harin, kamar yadda qara da sakamakon da kwayoyi da bakin ciki da jini;
• An fafitikar da wani iri-iri mai kumburi tafiyar matakai.
• Narkewa inganta (rage na ciki da acidity, da kuma inganta harkokin ci gaban da m bifidobacteria).
• kula low matakin na cholesterol a cikin jini, yana taimaka tare da kiba da kuma atherosclerosis.
• accelerates matakai na nama gyara.

A sosai da amfani abu ne chitin. Mẽne ne, kuma abin da suke da magani Properties, shi zai yi kyau a tuna.

Yadda kowa ne chitin a cikin yanayi

An samu a yanayin sau da yawa sosai. Saboda haka da yawa don haka da cewa shi yana da na biyu mafi girma na ruwan dare na kwayoyin halitta (na farko nasa ne da ɓangaren litattafan almara). A yawan masana kimiyya ko yi imani da cewa Adam a nan gaba za ta motsa zuwa na musamman chitin rage cin abinci. Alal misali, Sam Hudson, farfesa polymer sunadarai, kwanan nan ya ruwaito cewa a yanzu lokaci, masu bincike ne a kan gab da bude "sabuwar duniya", inda yawan kayayyakin da za a iya samu daga chitin, shi ne iyaka.

A kadan tarihi

Gaya mana game da yadda shi duka ya fara dangane da wani abu kamar chitin. Abin da shi ne shi koya a cikin karni na 19th. Back a shekarar 1811, Farfesa Genri Brakonno, darektan located in Nancy (Faransa), da Botanical Garden fara gudanar da bincike da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na namomin kaza. Hankali na masanin kimiyyar janyo hankalin sabon abu abu. Sulfuric acid bai iya soke shi. Wannan shi ne chitin. Bayan wani lokaci ya bayyana cewa a biopolymer zaba masana kimiyya daga Faransa, shi ne yanzu ba kawai a fungi. Ya aka samu a cikin elytra na kwari.

Chitin, da kaddarorin wadda aka har yanzu arancinsu karatu, aka hukumance mai suna a 1823. Fassara daga Girkanci "chitin" na nufin "tufafi". Masana kimiyya da warware a 1859 daga sunadaran da alli, samu daga gare shi wani sabon abu. Yana da aka kira chitosan. Wannan abu ne ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ta gada. Yana activates salula aiki, adjusts da hormonal mugunya da kuma juyayi kai-tsari, da inganta lafiya aiki na jiki da kuma na rayuwa, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar kwanan nan karatu. Kuma wadannan su ne kawai wasu daga ta amfani Properties. Duk da haka, chitin, bayan duk da farko binciken babu wanda ya sha'awar da shekara ɗari, tare da banda kunkuntar kwararru.

Kawai a karshen cikin karni na 20th shi ya iya gano yadda da amfani ga kiwon lafiya na wadannan abubuwa. Duk da haka, mutane ne har yanzu sosai tsawo da suka wuce ya fara ci arthropod kuma, daidai da, chitin a dabbobi.

Game da yadda za haihuwa, sunã cin kwari

Ko da a cikin Leviticus a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki an samu nassoshi "ƙazantu" da "tsabta" kwari, da ya dace da kuma m for adam amfani. By "tsabta", misali, hada da fara ne kawai, kuma fari. Yahaya Maibaftisma a cikin jeji, da cin fara ce da ruwan zuma. Herodotus, da Girkanci tarihi, da aka ambata cewa Afrika kama wadannan kwari. Sa'an nan kuma suna bushe a rana fara, zuba ta madara da kuma ci. An yi imani da cewa da fari a cikin zuma bai yi ƙyãmar ko da zamanin d Romawa. Kuma matar Mohammed, wanda ya kafa addinin Musulunci, ya aiko da dukan trays wadannan kwari a matsayin kyauta matarsa.

A kotu na Montezuma, India m, a lokacin abincin dare jam'iyyun bauta Boiled tururuwa. Karin Brehm, sanannen mai bincike da kuma dabbobi, a cikin littafinsa mai taken "Animal Life" rubuta game da gaskiyar cewa mazaunan Sudan kama tururuwan da kuma ci su tare da yardar.

Modern ni'ima daga arthropod

Deli soyayya kwari kiyaye su a cikin al'ummai da yawa a yau. A gabas ta tsakiya, kazalika da a wasu kasashen Afirka a cikin kasuwanni da kuma shagunan sayar da fara, da kuma a cikin gidajen cin abinci tsada menu ko da yaushe ya hada da jita-jita daga gare ta. A Philippines an san da yawa zabin dafa crickets. A Mexico, ci fara ne kawai, kuma kwari, skunks. A Thailand, lacquer kuma larvae na beetles, kuma dragonflies, kuma caterpillars da crickets.

chitin rage cin abinci

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin marigayi 19th karni je sama tare da rage cin abinci na kwari. Vincent Holt, English halittu da kuma bincike, ya fara kira, kamar yadda sun yi tsayayya da nama-cin da cin ganyayyaki to entomophags (abin da ake kira food kwari). Holt, gafala da cewa chitin da chitosan ozdoravlivayusche yi a jiki, ya rubuta cewa kamar yadda wata majiya da na gina jiki kwari ne da yawa tsabtace da kuma koshin lafiya fiye da sauran dabbobi. Bayan duk, su kansu ke ci kawai ganyayyaki na abinci.

Sinadirai masu darajar kwari

Zan iya samun isasshen na kwari? Shi ya sa ya wuya, amma zai yiwu, musamman idan ka tuna abin da yana da banmamaki, Properties na chitin. A amfani da rage cin abinci ya zama tasiri, idan akalla wani m kimanta na nawa ka bukatar ka kama fara ne kawai, dung beetles, ƙudan zuma da kuma tururuwan, zuwa Naira Miliyan Xari da nauyi ya 100 grams. Sinadirai masu darajar 100 grams na kwari wadannan.

• Fara ne kawai zai ba ka 20,6 da furotin da kuma 6.1 g mai.
• Juji irin ƙwaro - 17.2 g gina jiki da kuma 3.8 g mai.
• Tururuwan - 14.2 g na gina jiki da kuma 2.2g kitse.
• Ga ƙudan zuma ya ƙunshi 13.4 g na gina jiki da kuma 1.4g kitse.

Don kwatanta, a nama - 23.5 g gina jiki da kuma 21.2 grams na mai.

Duk da haka entomophagy ya zauna, Duk da haka, m. A zamaninmu, domin tabbatar da cewa warkar Properties na chitin ko chitosan, ba lallai ba ne su ci scarabs da kyankyasai, shawo kan fastidiousness. Don yin wannan, kawai zuwa kantin sayar da zabi wani abu rage cin abinci.

Nazarin gudanar a kasar mu

Da halitta na chitin aka farko halitta a cikin tarayyar Soviet a 1960 shekara. Wannan magani kamata taimakawa ga kariya da ionizing radiation. Developing wani sabon magani da aka classified ta soja. A abun da ke ciki na wannan matsakaici da aka boye ko da daga likitoci. Bayan jerin gwaje-gwajen a kan birai, da karnuka, da beraye, da shi da aka nuna cewa da miyagun ƙwayoyi taimaka musu tsira ko da bayan da suka karbi wani kashi na mutuwa na radiation. A kadan daga baya, da masu bincike gano cewa, amfanin chitin magunguna da ga mutane. Dũkiyõyinsu, an kuma ba a iyakance ba zuwa daya kawai radioprotective sakamako.

Na gano cewa chitin Irinta ne iya magance allergies, cutar daji, da hanji cuta, hauhawar jini da kuma kama. D. Chitin hada cigaba da taimakawa wajen kara tsawon na mataki na sauran kwayoyi.

zamani bincike

Kuma a yau ya ci gaba da gudanar da bincike na chitosan da chitin. A Rasha, sun tsunduma masana kimiyya wadanda mambobi ne na Rasha Chitin Society, kafa a 2000. Yana hada ba kawai wadanda masu bincike wanda ake karatu da wadannan kayan kai tsaye, amma kuma wakilan sauran rassan kimiyya, kazalika da ayyukan gona, da magani da kuma masana'antu. Sol hitinologam bayar da wata musamman kyauta Brakonnovskaya. Yana samu da sunan da girmama na Bracon, wanda ya majagaba na chitin. A kasar mu da irin wannan kyauta mai suna bayan Paul Shorygina. Wannan Academician ne wani mai goyon baya na chitin bincike.