A ɓangaren da na Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta. Description na Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta

A tarihin kasarmu ne fraught da yawa ban sha'awa da kuma muhimmanci events, sunayen fitattun mutane da kuma sunayen waɗannan birane da yankuna inda suka yi aiki da kuma rayu. Saboda haka, a cikin tarihin na zamanin d bayar da muhimmanci shi ne Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta, wanda aka alaka quite 'yan shahararren sunayen da events.

Abin baƙin ciki, da tarihi, wuri da mutane ce mai yawa ƙasa. Yau za mu tattauna yadda za a ɓangaren da na Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta, da kuma ta sauran halaye.

asali bayanai

A baya can, an kira da Rostov-Suzdal ƙasar, kuma aka dake tsakanin koguna Oka da Volga. A ƙasa ya ko da yaushe bambanta banmamaki m kasa. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa ta farkon da XII karni nan akwai wani manyan kuma da-kafa seigniorial tsarin na ƙasar Bayelsa. Saboda a cikin wadanda wuraren akwai mutane da yawa gandun daji, duk yankunan da m ƙasar dake tsakanin su. Sun samu da sunan Opole (ajalin da aka samu daga kalmar "filin"). Na dogon lokaci a cikin sarauta ita ce birnin Yuriev-Polsky (ya kawai zauna a Opole yankin). Abin da suke da muhalli da yanayi na Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta?

Idan ka kwatanta wannan wuri tare da Dnieper yankin, da sauyin yanayi a nan ya quite tsanani. Da ake samu kasance gwada manyan (ga lokaci) ba, amma da kama kifi, farauta da beekeeping, wanda aka ci gaba a wadanda sassa, ya ba da kyau "perk". A peculiar Gwargwadon wuri na Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta da kuma ta wajen matsananci yanayi ya kai ga gaskiya cewa Slavs zo nan daga baya, da fuskantar da 'yan asalin Finno-Ugric yawan jama'a.

Distance daga cibiyoyin da wayewa daga waɗanda sau ma ya kai ga cewa Vladimir-Suzdal mafi tsawo tsayayya da tilasta Kaddamar da Kiristanci a Kiev.

Gwargwadon matsayi

Mutane nan janyo hankalin da musamman ɓangaren da: ƙasar da aka kare daga kai hari daga dukkan bangarorin zurfin koguna, sararin yanki swamps da impenetrable gandun daji. Kada mu manta cewa Gwargwadon matsayi na Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta yana da kyau a cewa ta kudancin kan iyakar da aka rufe da sauran Slavic mulkoki, wanda kare mazaunan waɗannan ƙasashe daga mamayar da makiyaya.

A ci gaba da sarauta da aka ma bisa wata babbar adadin gudun hijira mutane da suka tafi da gida gandun daji daga dukkan wannan hare-hare da kuma haddi levies yarima ta henchmen.

Main halaye Vladimir-Suzdal

Wannan daban-daban fiye da Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta. TABLE kyau bayanin da manyan al'amurran.

Game da riba ciniki

A ƙasashe da Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta sa da Volga cinikayya hanya, wadda aka haɗa waɗannan ƙasashe da Gabas. Ciniki ya kasance musamman m nan. Ba mamaki, a waɗannan ƙasashe zo da sauri isasshen karfi da kuma arziki nobility, wanda ya ba ma Keen a Kyiv, sabili da haka Kanmu wani m ofishin ya kuma nemi 'yancin kai. Saboda haka, sosai ɓangaren da na Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta da gudummawar da halittar zaunanniya arziki "jiha a cikin jihar."

Taya su a cikin bin wannan da cewa yarima su juya zuwa gida gefen su da hankali wajen marigayi, saboda wuri a kan kursiyin a ƙasashe masu nisa da aka yi nufi na musamman ga matasa, da 'ya'ya maza, da suke kyawawa cire daga Kiev. Kawai a lokacin da Monomakh zo ikon, ƙarfi da yawa na jihar ya fara girma cikin sauri. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa hereditary fiefdom Monomakh ya zama sunan Vladimir-Suzdal, taswirar wanda ya samu sabon ƙasashe da sauri.

Tsakanin gida ƙasar-alƙarya da zuriyar Vladimir Monomakh kafa karfi dangantaka a nan baya fiye da a cikin wasu ƙasashe, saba wa tunani da na 'ya'yansa maza, da jikoki na Monomakh yadda shugabanninsu. A ambaliya na gãdon sa da m tattalin arziki aiki, da girma da kuma fitowan da sabon birane m da tattalin arziki da siyasa Yunƙurin na yankin. A cikin shawarwari kan ikon da Rostov-Suzdal sarakuna da babba albarkatu.

Opole

Noma, a waɗannan kwanaki ake bukata na ƙwarai juriyarsu. Amma a cikin Vladimir-Suzdal ƙasar, ba ba wani tabbacin, ko da shi. A cikin daya zakar a XII karni karkashin mafi kyau duka yanayi gudanar da tattara babu fiye da 800 kg. Duk da haka, a cikin waɗannan kwanaki shi ne kawai lafiya, amma saboda Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta, da halayyar wanda aka bai wa a cikin labarin da sauri ya zama mai arziki.

Amma da tattalin arzikin na gida manoma suna musamman dangane da 'ya'yan dabbõbi. Su bred kusan duk breeds dabbobi: shanu, da dawakai, da awaki da tumaki. Saboda haka, a cikin archaeological tono a cikin wadanda wurare ne da yawa na baƙin ƙarfe scythes, wanda aka yi amfani da hay. Na bayar da muhimmanci shi ne kiwo da dawakai, wanda ake massively amfani da soja yi.

"A 'ya'yan itatuwa na duniya"

Aƙalla a XII karni, shi ya haifar da noma. Its main makami a waɗannan shekaru da wani karfe kayan aiki na ruwa ( "hancinsa"). Musamman mai yawa daga gare su, da aka samu a Suzdal. A Cathedral of Nativity birnin can ne siffar Adamu. zuwa hoto taken bayyana cewa "Adam digging stigma." Saboda haka, dukan tarihin Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta ne inextricably nasaba da m inganta basira da mazaunanta.

Aƙalla a cikin wannan karni fara samar da m aikin lambu. Abin mamaki, shi ne to kawai da yawa na 'yan ƙasa. Wannan ne kuma ya tabbatar da yawa archaeological tono, a lokacin da wani babban yawan saurã daga tsohuwar apple ga gonaki da aka samu. Hadishi kuma ce cewa tun da XII karni a kan ƙasa na sarauta ya fara sa wani babban yawan ceri gonaki. Sahaban rubuta cewa birnin Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta ne "lu'u-lu'u na Rasha."

Duk da yawan cinikayya suka fara samar da aikin noma da kuma aikin gona, da yawan ci gaba da rayayye tafiyar da apiculture, farauta da kama kifi. A tono samu wata babbar adadin raga, hooks, floats da ya rage daga kifi kama. Abin da kuma ya ɓõye da Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta? Halayyar shi zai zama quite bai cika idan ba mu yi magana game da crafts, wanda bautar da mazaunanta.

crafts

Ba tare da sana'a ba zai yiwu ba su yi tunanin rayuwar guda sarauta a wadannan shekaru. Abin sha'awa, a cikin wadanda ƙarni Masters specialization sãɓã ba, fãce a kan ƙãre samfurin, maimakon littattafai. Saboda haka, sedelschik da wani kyakkyawan ilimi na ba kawai da hanyoyin magani na fata, amma kuma da daban-daban dabaru na coinage tare da wanda ya qawata masa samfurin, yin shi watakila mafi m ga m saye. Tun sana'a zaunar na musamman ta hanyar "related" manufa, a garuruwan hanzari kunno kai sana'a duka shiri.

Wasu gidaje ne ko da musamman makera for smelting ma'aikatan da aka samu, wanda aka shigar gefe da gefe da waɗanda a cikin abin abinci da aka shirya. Wasu yan sana'a aiki ne kawai a kan request. Wani, mafi yawa category na Masters, ƙera kayayyakin ga taro marketing na birane kasuwanni da kuma kai tsaye tallace-tallace zuwa itinerant yan kasuwa, wanda aka sosai m na Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta. A takaice magana game da sauran azuzuwan, wanda aka rarraba a tsakanin yankin.

Tun da XII karni, shi ci gaba cikin sauri duk wannan crafts cewa sun rare cikin sauran Kievan Rus. Duk da haka, daga cikin tarihin wannan zamani, shi ya bi da cewa babban zama na gida yawan sauri ya zama woodworking. A cikin shakka daga cikin tono mai yawa kayayyakin aiki, don aiki tare da itace. Babu kasa tsoho craft a wadanda sassa aka kumar kasko.

A ci gaba kumar kasko a cikin sarauta

Evidence na aiki ci gaban da art kumar kasko ne yi na ɗauka Cathedral a karshen na XII karni. A kan bankunan na karamin kogin Kamenka samu ragowar uku babbar kilns, kowanne daga abin da za a iya sauke a dubu biyar tubalin a lokaci guda. An zaci cewa a daidai wannan lokacin, na gida sana'a ƙware da samar da ruwa da kuma tiles. Su girma isa 19x19 cm, wanda a kwanakin nan wani real fasaha nasara. Don sa tiles mafi kyau, sana'a amfani da wata babbar jerin dukan nau'i na enamels kuma glazes.

Tare da irin wannan fadi da kuma arziki kewayon dukiya ci gaban da Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta tafi a kan leaps da haddi, kamar yadda kudi gudana a m rafi a cikin aljihun.

Art dutse aiki

Fasteners craft suka fara samar a karshen na XII karni, da master sosai da sauri sami babban Heights a cikin kasuwanci. A biranen sarauta akwai da yawa sana'a, waɗansu su farfasa duwatsu. Babu daidaituwa cewa da yawa daga Suzdal boyars na Vladimir girman kira "bayi da magina." A marigayi 40-ies a Suzdal akwai wani raba guild na magina. Yana da aka maigidanta ya dauki wani aiki sashi a gina haikalin na Pereslavl-Zaleski, Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal. Bugu da kari, su ma sun gina kasa zama a Kideksha.

Development of blacksmithing

Maƙeri ta aiki a wadannan yankunan ya kuma samu sosai tartsatsi da shi sosai m. Idan, a sake, baya ga topic na rami, a cikin shakka daga ganowa wata babbar lamba na maƙeri kayan aikin. Kusa da garin Vyazniki a zaman kansa gidaje da yawa samfurori na fadama tama da aka samu cewa da shawara mai fadi da yaduwar wannan art daga cikin mutanen da suka rayu a cikin Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta. A takaice, sun kasance m sana'a.

A koli na gida maƙeri basira zama babban giciye na ɗauka da Dmitrievsky Cathedrals, ado da adadi na kurciya weathervane, da mafi kyau fasaha da aka yi da tagulla. Amma Kirsimeti da kuma na ɗauka cewa Cathedral of Vladimir ta m jan benaye sauƙi negate duk.

Weaponsmithing

Amma musamman a lokacin da gida maƙera tsaya category gunsmiths. Sun sanya Sholom Yaroslav Vsevolodovich da battleaxe Andreya Bogolyubskogo, abin da ya kamata a yi la'akari ba kawai samfurori da maƙeri, amma kuma kayan ado zanen. Musamman shahara gida mail.

Bugu da kari, archaeologists samu burge zarar sun kasa baka, daga abin da ko da tsira bakwai kibiyoyi. A tsawon kowane daga cikinsu ya game 170 santimita, kuma nan da nan ya auna 2.5 kg. Mafi m, ga zamanin d chroniclers kira "shereshirami". Musamman prized sana'a wanda aka tsunduma a masana'antu allon.

Archeologists samu Suzdal da Vladimir maƙeri iya samar da akalla daya ɗari da hamsin samfurori da karfe kayayyakin, da ciwon a lokaci guda fiye da 16 daban-daban fannoni.

Saƙa da kuma aiki tare da yadudduka

Akwai tartsatsi cikin sakar gidansa, kazalika da dama iri kadi. A lokacin tono shi da aka samu ba ne kawai da yawa kayan aikin wadannan sana'o'i, amma kuma saurã daga yadudduka. Sai ya juya daga cewa Rasha Masters a cikin wadannan sassa san up zuwa hamsin dinki dabaru, ciki har da mafi nagartaccen. A kayan da aka yi da mafi bambancin: fata, Jawo, siliki da kuma auduga. A yadudduka a lokuta da dama kiyaye m ado da azurfa thread.

Tun da sarauta ya dade da aka ɓullo da dabba husbandry, da kuma tanners a cikin wadannan sassa da kyau isa. Suzdal Masters ya zama shahararren nisa fiye da kan iyakoki na kasar su na kwarai ingancin yuft da kuma Morocco takalma. A goyon bayan wannan sanannun a cikin da'ira Farfesa NN Voronin samu a lokacin tono a cikin wasu a bayan gida mai yawa "matattu iyakar." Saboda haka a kwanakin da shi aka kira guda da saniya hakarkarinsa, amfani for machining fãtun jikinsu.

Jiyya daga kashi

Yana da aka sani zuwa unguwa da kuma fasaha kashi carvers. Kusan kowace wuriyar rami saduwa da yawa kashi mashiga, combs da sauran iyali na'urorin haɗi. Aƙalla gwada da tartsatsi karɓa da kuma kayan ado zanen a daidai wannan lokacin. Kamar yadda Vladimir kuma Suzdal yawa kyawon tsayuwa coppersmiths da aka samu. Jewelers guda kamar yadda ya juya waje, ta aiki ta amfani da fiye da 60 daban na siffofin daban-daban dalilai. Musamman game a cikin al'umma dadin wadanda Masters suka yi aiki tare da kayayyakin daga zinariya.

Sai suka sãmi wani munduwa, da kuma kowane irin necklaces, rataye da kuma mashiga cewa an masterfully ado da enamels da sosai hadaddun samar da sake zagayowar. Duk da Vladimir Masters daga daya gram na azurfa gudanar ya ja da kilometer mafi kyau thread!

ci gaban tattalin arziki

Me kuma suka fasali na Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta? Kamar yadda muka riga ya ce, saurin bunkasuwar tattalin arzikin da aka nasaba, tare da mafi muhimmanci cinikayya hanyoyi da suke gudu, ta hanyar da ƙasa. Archaeologists da dama warehouses Oriental tsabar kudi da aka samu (dirhems), wanda a fili ya tabbatar da kusa cinikayya na Vladimir kuma Suzdal tare da m kasashen. Amma kuma cinikayyar cikin gida ta wadãta: shi ne musamman m, a dangantakar da Novgorod, da abin da na gida fatake tsunduma a cikin hatsi cinikayya.

Babu kasa tsanani ya cinikayya tare da Rum, kazalika da yawa kasashen Turai. Musamman da aka nakalto kogin shipping hanya. Duk da haka, da na gida ko da yaushe sarakuna tsananin blyuli domin da overland cinikayya hanyõyi, a matsayin fitina a cikin dangantaka tare da 'yan kasuwa na iya samun mummunan tasiri a kan jindadin ƙasar.

Waɗannan su ne siffofin da Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta.