Rayuwa da kuma aiki na Ostrovsky. The matakai da kuma siffofin na kerawa Ostrovsky

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky - sanannen Rasha marubuci kuma marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, yana da gagarumin tasiri a kan ci gaban kasa gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kafa wani sabon makaranta idon basira wasanni da rubuta da yawa ƙwarai ayyukansu. Wannan talifin zai fayyace babban matakai na kerawa Ostrovsky. Kuma mafi muhimmanci lokacin da ya aiki.

yara

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, wani photo na wanda aka gabatar a wannan labarin, an haife shi a 1823, a kan Maris 31, a Moscow, a yankin na Malaya Ordynka. Mahaifinsa - Nikolai Fedorovich - girma a cikin iyali, firist, ya sauke karatu daga Moscow tauhidin Academy kanta, duk da haka, bai bauta a coci. Ya zama kotu lauya, tsunduma a harkokin kasuwanci da kuma shari'a al'amura. Nikolai Fedorovich gudanar ya tashi zuwa ga daraja da titular da shawara, da kuma daga baya (a 1839) don samun nobility. Inna gaba marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo - Savvina Lyubov Ivanovna - ya 'yar sexton. Ta rasu a lokacin da Alexander ne kawai da shekara bakwai. The iyali na shida yara girma Ostrowski. Nikolai Fedorovich aikata dukan abin da yara girma a ci gaba da mai kyau ilimi. A 'yan shekaru bayan Lyubov mutuwa ya aure sake. Matarsa fara Emilia Andreevna bango Ticino, Baroness, 'yar Swedish bafadan. Yara ne sosai sa'a da na uwar rana, ta kasance iya samun wani tsarin kula da su da kuma ci gaba da aiwatar da su da ilimi.

matasa

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky ciyar da yara a cikin zuciya na Zamoskvorechye. Mahaifinsa kuwa yana da kyau ƙwarai library, godiya ga wanda yaron farkon sani da adabi na Rasha marubuta, kuma ya ji wani penchant ga rubuce-rubuce. Duk da haka, da mahaifinsu suka ga yaron kawai wani lauya. Saboda haka, a 1835, Alexander aka aiko zuwa ga farko Moscow makaranta, bayan koyan cewa ya kasance dalibi a Moscow University. Duk da haka, kafin su sami wata dokar mataki daga Ostrovsky bai yi nasara ba. Yayi musu da malamin da kuma bar jami'a. A kan shawara na Alexander mahaifin tafi bauta a cikin kotu magatakarda kuma yi aiki a cikin wannan wuri shekaru da dama.

alkalami gwajin

Amma Alexander bai bar yunkurin tabbatar da kansa a cikin wallafe-wallafen filin. A farkon kwaikwaiyo da ya gudanar accusatory, "halin kirki da kuma zamantakewa" shugabanci. A farko ayyukan Ostrovsky aka buga a wani sabon edition, "Moscow City Gazette", a 1847. Waɗannan su ne almara ga comedy "da aka rasa da bãshin" da muqala "Notes Zamoskvoreche mazaunin." A karkashin bazawa na nufin "wasika A. Ya "da kuma" D. G. "Da cewa a wasu Dmitry Gorev miƙa matasa marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, hadin gwiwa. Yana bai koma kan rubutu daya daga cikin al'amuran, amma daga baya ya zama for Ostrovsky tushen babban matsala. Wasu detractors sa'an nan da ake zargi da plagiarism marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo. A nan gaba, daga alkalami na Alexander II za a saki mai yawa mai girma kwaikwaiyo, kuma ba wanda dares to shakka da basira. Next za a iya bayyana daki-daki, ga rayuwa da kuma aiki na Ostrovsky. Tebur a kasa zai systematize da bayanai.

A farko nasara

Lokacin ne wannan ya faru? Mafi m kerawa Ostrovsky samu bayan buga a 1850 comedy "Ya mutane - an ƙidaya!". Wannan aiki ya sa wani m review a cikin wallafe-wallafen da'irori. Ivan Goncharov kuma N. V. litattafan Gogol ta play ba wani m kima. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan ganga na zuma da kuma samu wani m gardama a cikin maganin shafawa. M Moscow yan kasuwa, m na aji koka ga mafi girma hukumomi a kan wani tsoro dramatist. A play aka nan da nan aka dakatar a cikin halitta, marubucin aka fitar daga ofishin da kuma sanya karkashin tsauraran 'yan sanda kula. Kuma shi ya faru a kan sirri domin na Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas da farko. Duba da aka soke kawai bayan ya hau gadon sarautar, Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II. A comedy wasan kwaikwayo masu sauraro ga kawai a 1861, bayan da dagawa da ban a kan ta halitta.

farkon plays

Farkon Works A. N. Ostrovskogo aka bar unattended, ayyukan da aka buga, yafi a "Moskvityanin" mujallar. Marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, rayayye hada kai tare da wannan edition da kuma matsayin sukar lamiri da kuma edita a 1850-1851 shekaru. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar "matasa Editorial ma'aikatan" mujallar da kuma babban ideologist wannan da'irar, AA Grigoriev, Alexander rubuta cikin play "Talauci shi ne babu laifi," "zauna a naka seleji", "rayuwa ba kamar yadda ka so." Jigogi na kerawa Ostrovsky a cikin wannan lokaci - da idealization na patriarchal Rasha tsoho kwastan da kuma hadisai. Wadannan sentiments an dan kadan muted accusatory pathos na marubuci. Duk da haka, a cikin ayyukan da wannan sake zagayowar ya karu da ban mamaki basira na Alexander Nikolayevich. Ya plays sun zama shahara da kuma rare.

Hadin gwiwa tare da "Littafi"

An fara daga 1853, wani lokaci na shekara talatin, Alexander Nikolayevich taka kowace kakar nuna a Maly (a Moscow) da kuma Alexandrinsky (a St. Petersburg) sinimomi. Tun 1856, Ostrovsky ta aiki aka kai a kai ya rufe a mujallar "Littafi" (buga ayyukansu). A lokacin da zamantakewa juyi a kasar (kafin na kauda tashe serfdom a 1861), da marubuci ayyukan sake zama accusatory baki. A cikin play "A wani bakon idi buguwan giya" marubucin ya halitta mai ban sha'awa image Bruskova Titus Titych, wanda aiwatuwa da m da duhu karfi na cikin gida da despotism. Ga karo na farko busa kalmar "tanƙwasawa", gyara daga baya ga dukan gallery na haruffa Ostrovsky. A comedy "A riba Post" ya zama na kullum izgili da prodazhnichestvo jami'ai. Drama "The almajiri" wani rai rashin amincewa da cin zarafin da mutum. Yana za a bayyana a kasa da kuma sauran matakai Ostrowski art. Amma saman nasarori wannan lokacin da ya wallafe-wallafen aiki ya zamantakewa da m wasan kwaikwayo "hadiri".

"The Storm"

A wannan wasa, "BYTOVIK" Ostrovsky fentin maras ban sha'awa yanayi na a lardin gari tare da munãfinci, rashin tausayi, da gida da bude kofa dalĩli "m" da kuma arziki. A bambanci tsakanin ajizai duniya na mutane Alexander wakiltar wani m hoto na Volga yanayi. Hoton na Catherine fanned ban tausayi kyakkyawa da m fara'a. Hadiri alama ce ta ruhaniya rikice na heroine, kuma a lokaci guda wakiltar wani nauyi daga tsõro, a karkashin abin da talakawa mutane rayuwa har abada. Mulkin makafi biyayya ga erode da Ostrovsky, biyu sojojin: kowa hankali, wanda wa'azi a cikin play Kuligin da rai tsarkakakke Katerina. A ta "Ray haske a cikin duhu" Dob zargi fassara siffar babban harafin matsayin wata alama ce zanga-zangar da zurfi, hankali maturing a kasar.

Ta hanyar wannan play tashi zuwa wani unattainable tsawo kerawa Ostrovsky. "The Storm" Alexander Nikolayevich aikata mafi shahara da kuma girmama Rasha marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo.

tarihi dalilai

A cikin rabi na biyu na 1860s, Alexander soma nazarin tarihin Lokaci na matsaloli. Ya fara dace da sanannun masana tarihi da kuma zamantakewa rajin Nikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov. Bisa ga binciken da kafofin na tsanani marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, shi an halicce shi da wani jerin tarihi ayyukansu: "Dmitry da ƙãƙalen faɗarsa da Vasily Shumsky," "Kozma Minin Zaharich-Sukhoruk", "Tushino". Matsaloli na Rasha tarihi da aka nuna Ostrowski hikima ya kuma dogara.

sauran plays

Alexander ya har yanzu masu biyayya ga ya fi so topic. A cikin 1860s ya rubuta wani yawan "yau da kullum" wasanin kwaikwayo da kuma plays. Daga cikin su: "Tã Hari", "Abyss", "Jokers". Wadannan ayyuka kulla riga sami muradi marubuci. Tun da marigayi 1860s aikin Ostrovskogo ne fuskantar wani lokaci na aiki ci gaba. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo bayyana hotunan da jigogi na "sabon" kunno kai daga garambawul na Rasha: dillalai, purchasers, degenerate patriarchal moneybags da kuma "Europeanized" yan kasuwa. Alexander halitta mai m jerin satirical comedies, dispels da mafarki na post-gyare-gyare 'yan kasa, "Easy Kudi," "Hot Zuciya", "Wolves da Tumaki", "Forest". Halin kirki manufa marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo ne rai tsarkakakke, daraja mutane: Paracha na "dumi zuciya" Aksyusha na "dazuka". Ostrovsky misali na ma'anar rayuwa, farin ciki da kuma haraji aiwatuwa a cikin play "Labor Bread". Kusan dukan ayyukan da Alexander II, rubuta a 1870, da aka buga a "Notes da Fatherland".

"Snow Maiden"

Bayyanar da wannan aya daga cikin play shi gaba daya bazuwar. Kananan wasan kwaikwayo a 1873 da aka rufe don gyare-gyare. Ya 'yan wasan kwaikwayo koma cikin ginin Bolshoi Theater. A wannan batun, da hukumar a kan Moscow na mallaka Gidajen Silima Management yanke shawarar kirkiro show a wadda uku na nagartattu za a hannu: wasar kwaikwayo ta waka, rawa da wasan kwaikwayo. Rubuta wani irin yanki dauki Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky. "Snow Maiden" da aka rubuta da mawallafin wasannin kwaikwayo, a wani sosai gajeren lokaci. Dalili na marubucin ya dauki labarin da Rasha jama'a labari. Duk da yake aiki a kan play, ya hankali ya zaɓi girma wakoki, shawara da archeologists, masana tarihi, malaman na tsufa. Music hada ga play matasa P. I. Chaykovsky. da play premiered a 1873, May 11, a kan mataki na Bolshoi Theater. K. S. Stanislavsky yi magana da "Snow Maiden" kamar yadda wani hikaya, a mafarki, ya ce a cikin m da kuma m shayari. Ya ce cewa a mai neman na hakika da kuma BYTOVIK Ostrovsky rubuta wannan wasa kamar yadda idan har sa'an nan sha'awa ba, fãce ga m romance kuma shayari.

Aiki a 'yan shekarun nan,

A wannan lokacin, Ostrovsky rubuta wani gagarumin zaman jama'a da kuma m comedy da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. Suka gaya na ban tausayi da wani rabo a kaikaice gabar hazaka mata a cikin cynical da kuma son-kai duniya, "Basirar da kuma Raya Makon", "Bride". A nan marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, ɓullo da sabon dabaru na Theatrical magana, tsammani da aikin Antona Chehova. Tsare da halaye na ta wasan kwaikwayo, Alexander nemi ya yi "na fasaha lafiya comedy" "ciki gwagwarmaya" heroes.

Outdoor ayyuka

A 1866, Alexander kafa shahara Artistic Circle. Ya baya ya ba da Moscow mataki da yawa talented 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Mun ziyarci Ostrovsky DV Grigorovich, Ivan Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, P. M. Sadovsky, AF Pisemsky, G. N. Fedotova, M. E. Ermolova, P. I. Chaykovsky , L. N. Tolstoy, ME Saltykov-Shchedrin, IE Turchaninov.

A 1874 an halitta Society of Rasha marubuta da kuma ban mamaki opera composers a Rasha. Association shugaban Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky aka zaba. Photos of shahara jama'a adadi da aka sani zuwa kowane fan na yin zane-zane a Rasha. The kawo canji da aka quite wani kokarin gidan wasan kwaikwayo management dokokin da aka bita a cikin ni'imar da artists, kuma haka muhimmanci inganta da kudi da kuma zamantakewa matsayi.

A 1885, Alexander aka nada a matsayin shugaban wani bangare na sharhin sinimomi a Moscow , kuma ya kasance shugaban drama makaranta.

wasan kwaikwayo Ostrovsky

Aleksandra Ostrovskogo kerawa ne inextricably nasaba da samuwar na Rasha wasan kwaikwayo a zamani ji. Marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo da kuma marubuci ya gudanar ya halicci kansa wasan kwaikwayo makaranta da kuma dukan ra'ayi na musamman staging na Theatrical wasanni.

Features na kerawa Ostrovsky wasan kwaikwayo ne rashin counter addashin yanayi da matsanancin yanayi a cikin play mataki. A cikin ayyukan Alexander Nikolayevich faruwa saba events tare da talakawa mutane.

Babban ideas na Gyara:

• wasan kwaikwayo ya kamata a dangane da tarurrukan (gabatar ganuwa "hudu bango" da ya raba 'yan kallo daga cikin' yan wasan kwaikwayo).
• a lõkacin da kafa da play rate kada ta kasance a kan wani sanannun actor, da kuma a kan tawagar fahimci juna artists.
• immutability dangantakar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da harshe: jawabin halaye ya kamata bayyana kusan dukkan haruffan da wakilci a cikin play.
• mutane zo da wasan kwaikwayo to watch wasa na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, ba domin samun matsahi na saba da play - su iya karanta shi a gida.

Ideas suka zo tare da marubuci Ostrovskiy Aleksandr Nikolaevich, aka baya modified M. A. Bulgakovym kuma K. S. Stanislavskim.

Personal rai

Personal rai na marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, ba kasa ban sha'awa fiye da da ya wallafa aiki. A wata rundunar kungiyar tare da sauki ƙananan tsakiyar aji mace ya rayu kusan shekaru ashirin da Ostrovskiy Aleksandr Nikolaevich. Ban sha'awa facts da cikakken bayani game da aure da dangantaka da marubuci, kuma matarsa ta farko har yanzu da hankali masu bincike.

A 1847, a St. Nicholas Vorobinovskom titi kusa da gidan inda ya rayu Ostrovsky, ya zaunar da goma sha uku shekara haihuwa yar'uwarsa, wata yarinya - Agafya Ivanovna. Ba ta da iyali, ba abokai. Babu wanda ya san inda ta gana da Aleksandrom Nikolaevichem. Duk da haka, a cikin 1848 da matasa da wani ɗa, Alex. Domin yaro-rearing yanayi shi ya ba, haka yaron da aka sanya dan lokaci a cikin marayu. Ostrowski mahaifina shi da jin tsoro da fushi cewa dansa ba kawai ya jefa wata babbar jami'a, amma kuma alaka mai sauki ƙananan tsakiyar aji mace zaune a unguwar.

Duk da haka, Alexander nuna ƙarfi kuma, a lokacin da mahaifinsa da kuma uwar rana tafi zuwa ga kwanan nan sayi dukiya Shchelykovo a Kostroma lardin, zaunar da Agafya Ivanovna a wani katako, gidan.

Marubuci kuma ethnographer SV Maksimov raha kira matarsa ta farko Ostrovsky "Marta Gwamna Wife," domin shi ne kusa da marubuci a sau na tsanani da talauci mai tsanani da kuma rashi. Ostrovsky abokai Agafia Ivanovna halin a matsayin mutumin da yanayi ne sosai wayo da kuma zuciya. Yana ne na ƙwarai san da hali da al'adu na m rai, kuma yana da wata cikakkar tasiri a kan aikin na Ostrovsky. Alexander sau da yawa shawara da ta game da halittar da ayyukansu. Bugu da kari, Agafya Ivanovna ya mai ban mamaki da kuma marabtar uwar gida. Amma wani jami'in aure da ta Ostrovsky ba bayar ko da bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa. All yara haife a cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ya mutu sosai matasa, kawai Babbansu, Alex, a takaice samu mahaifiyarsa.

A tsawon lokaci, Ostrovsky da sauran ayukan hutu. Ya kasance passionately cikin soyayya da Lyubov Pavlovnu Kositsky-Nikulin, wanda ya taka leda Catherine a farko na "Storm" a shekarar 1859. Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, akwai wani sirri hutu: actress jẽfa wani marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, da mai arziki m.

Sa'an nan Alexander Nikolayevich akwai sadarwar da matasa artist Vasilyeva-Bakhmet'eva. Agafya Ivanovna san game da shi, amma jaruntaka ta haifa masa gicciye, da kuma gudanar da su ci gaba da kai-da girmamawa Ostrovsky. Ta rasu a 1867, 6 Maris, bayan doguwar rashin lafiya. Alexander bai bar ta gado har sosai karshen. A inda aka binne na farko da matar Ostrovsky ba a sani ba.

Bayan shekaru biyu sai ya auri marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo,-Bakhmet'eva Vasilyeva, wadda ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata biyu da' ya'yansa hudu. Da wannan mace na Alexander rayu har zuwa rasuwarsa.

marubuci Mutuwa

A siga zamantakewa da kuma m ayyuka ba zai shafi kiwon lafiya na marubuci. Haka kuma, duk da mai kyau tarin kwaikwaiyo da kuma tare da an shekara-shekara fensho na $ 3 dubu, tsabar kudi Alexander Nikolayevich ko da yaushe rasa. Tikis m damuwa, jiki na marubuci kyakkyawan ta gaza. A 1886, 2 Yuni, marubucin ya mutu a Estate Shchelykovo kusa Kostroma. Sarkin sarakuna Alexander III bã jana'izar marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, 3000 rubles. Bugu da kari, da gwauruwa ta gaske na marubuci, ya nada wani fensho a cikin adadin 3 dubu rubles, kuma a cikin ilimi na yara Ostrowski - ko da 2400 rubles a shekara.

Chronology

Rayuwa da kerawa Ostrovsky za a iya taƙaice nuna a wata shekara-shekara tebur.

Irin abubuwan kasance cike da rai da kerawa Ostrovsky. Table wadda tayi manyan aukuwa a rayuwa na marubuci, zai taimaka wajen fahimtar da biography. Ban mamaki, Legacy Alexander Nikolayevich overemphasized. Little Theater tukuna a lokacin da babban artist ta rayuwa zo da za a kira "home Ostrovsky," kuma shi ya ce da yawa. Creativity Ostrovsky, taƙaitaccen bayanin da aka saita fito a wannan labarin, shi wajibi ne su yi nazarin shi a daki-daki.