Mene ne wani agglutinative harshe?

'Yan masu goyon baya koyi da harsuna cikin sharuddan da ka'idarsu. Yawancin lokaci da kowa da kowa ne sha'awar kawai chat da 'yan kasashen waje a cikin harshen maimakon su fahimci dalilin da ya sa fi'ilai kuma manufofi nuna hali ko ta wani hanya. Duk da haka harsuna, shi ne musamman mai ban sha'awa da kuma taimaka wajen amsa tambayoyi kamar: "harshen Turanci - inflectional ko agglutinative?" Practical amfani ga layman a cikin wannan kadan, ko da yake, to fahimta a ka'idar, za a iya gane kamar "aiki" harsuna, da kuma ci gaba da gano su riga kusan lamirinsu.

History of harsuna

Talakawa mutane kawai sadarwa ba tare da nazarin yadda za su yi da shi, kuma me ya sa wasu magana da aka kafa irin wannan, su ne. Duk da haka, akwai waɗanda suka mamaki da abin da dokoki ne daban-daban Yaruka gina. Kuma waɗanda mutanen da suke da sha'awar da shi tun kafin zamaninmu, a zahiri ƙirƙira da kimiyya da muka sani a yau kamar yadda harsuna. Shi ne a yanzu da wuya a ce wanda ya aza asallanta, saboda a yau wannan horo ne zuwa kashi da yawa rassan. Amma har zuwa zamani harsuna, da kafa za a iya kira American masanin kimiyya Leonarda Blumfilda. Ya fafatukar zo a farkon na XX karni, kuma ya ya iya wahayi zuwa gare su da mabiyansa ba kawai su ci gaba da ka'idar, amma kuma a cikin m aikace-aikace.

Kusan lokaci guda su yi aiki typology wanda halin harshe a matsayin fiye ko žasa ɓullo da a kan tushen da wani sosai al'ada ãyõyi, shi da aka ƙi. Wannan matsala ba a bai da hankali har sai da tsakiyar XX karni, a lõkacin da ta soma da sabon rarrabuwa dangane da ra'ayoyi Fridriha Shlegelya da Wilhelm von Humboldt. Morphological iri harsuna - amorphous, agglutinative, inflected - alama kawai karshe. Shi ne tare da wasu tarawa da kuma ci gaba da za a yi amfani da yau.

Iri Modern Harsuna

Modern harsuna, yana amfani da wadannan rarrabuwa:

1. nahawu siffofin :

• hikimar tantance.
• roba.

2. A morphological fasali:

• rufi;
• agglutinative harshe.
• inflectional ko fusional.
• incorporative.

Dame waɗannan biyu Categories kada ta kasance, amma a gaskiya, kusan duk insulating harsuna zo daidai da na nazari. Duk da haka, a nan an dauke gaba daya daban-daban dalilai. Kuma ilimin halittar jiki a cikin wannan yanayin ne yafi ban sha'awa.

agglutinative

Wannan lokaci da aka yi amfani da ba kawai a cikin harsuna, amma kuma, alal misali, a cikin ilmin halitta. Kunna don Latin, wanda shi ne, saboda haka yin magana, da "uwa" na yawancin sharuddan, a zahiri translation zai sauti kamar "bonding". Agglutinative irin harshen da shawara cewa, da samuwar sabuwar lexical raka'a faruwa by attaching da tushe ko tushen na ƙarin sassa (affixes): .. Suffixes, kari kafin kalma, da dai sauransu Yana da muhimmanci cewa kowanne daga formant yayi dace da daya kawai darajar, wanda idan da akwai kusan babu ban a cikin dokokin declension da Tasrifu. An yi imani da cewa irin wannan ne mazan da kasa da suka ci gaba idan aka kwatanta da inflected. Duk da haka, akwai shaida, kuma kishiyar ra'ayi, don haka idan dai babu wani dalili to la'akari da mafi m agglutinative harsuna.

Misalai ne bambancin: da Finno-Ugric da Turkic, Mongolian da kuma Korean, Japan, Jojiyanci, India da kuma wasu kasashen Afirka, kazalika da mafi yawan wucin gadi adverbs (Esperanto, Ido) na wannan kungiya.

The sabon abu na agglutination za a iya dauke da wani misali na Kyrgyzstan harshe, wanda yana da naúrar na cikin ƙamus, wanda za a iya canjawa wuri zuwa ga Rasha a matsayin "dostoruma". "Dos" - akai, wanda yake nufin "aboki". Sashe na daga cikin "torus" yana nufin jam'i. "Zuciya" Bears alamar na farko mutum, cewa shi ne "ta". A karshe, "a" tana nufin da dative. A sakamakon haka ne "my friends".

inflectional

A wannan kungiyar formant da hannu a derivation iya kawo da dama nahawu siffofin inseparably nasaba. Saboda haka, misali, daukan wuri a cikin Rasha harshe.

The kalmar "kore" ne kawo karshen -th, hada da dama ãyõyi dative, mufuradi da namiji. Wadannan sune ake kira da formant inflections.

A al'adance, irin wannan harsuna sun hada da kusan dukkan barga Indo-Turai harsuna: Jamus, Rasha, Latin, da Semitic da kuma Sami kungiyoyin. Masu bincike na lura da Trend na asarar inflections kamar yadda jawabin ci gaba. Alal misali, karshe English ma na wannan kungiya, kuma a yanzu ya ne, a gaskiya, kusan hikimar tantance tsare da 'yan vestiges. Wani misali da wani canji da za a iya kira Armenian, an rinjayi muhimmanci Caucasian adverbs da kuma tuba zuwa da ya dace category. Yanzu shi agglutinative harshe.

insulating

Domin irin wannan ne halin da kusan cikakkiyar babu morphemes. Derivation mafi yawa na faruwa tare da aiki kalmomi a sentences m tsarin da kuma ko da irin murya.

A misali mai kyau ga wannan category ne mai gargajiya na kasar Sin harshen da a cikinsa babu albarkacin irin wannan abu a matsayin karkatar sassa na magana da fi'ilin gina fi'ilai masu reshe. Don nuna ko da mataki a baya, ko hakan zai faru a nan gaba, da yin amfani da lokaci da kuma shã'aninku wani lokacin aikin kalmomi. Don bayyana da na'urorin haɗi amfani da jijiyoyin, da kuma tara al'amurran da suka shafi - musamman barbashi. A wannan yanayin, a da fahimtar ma'anar sentences da aka samu ta hanyar wuya kalma domin. A irin wannan halin da ake ciki an lura a cikin {asar Vietnam, Khmer, Lao.

Very kusa da irin wannan da kuma Turanci, an kusan gama rasa ãyõyin inflection.

rajista

Wannan gwada da sabon category, ba a kunshe a cikin gargajiya typology, shi yana da yawa a cikin na kowa da agglutinative. A gaskiya, wadannan biyu mamaki suna daga cikin wannan yanayi da ake sau da yawa samu tare. Duk da haka harsuna bambanta su, da imani da cewa idan agglutination rinjayar kawai da kalmar, da kunsawa za a iya lura a cikin dukan tsari, watau naúrar iya bayyana hadaddun fi'ili-maras hadaddun.

gauraye

Dabam, irin wannan ba ya ware, yana fifita kira ko wani yar bab tsaka-tsakin yanayi, idan sun kasance su biyu ãyõyin inflection, da kuma iya zama ga wasu al'amurran classified a matsayin agglutinative harshe. Wannan Rasha, Caucasian, Hamitic-Semitic, Bantu, North American kuma wasu wasu. Suna kullum kawai ake magana a kai a matsayin roba, tantancewa da mataki na inflection.

Duk abin da ya, yana da wuya a ware agglutinative, inflected, rufi da kuma kunsawa harsuna a cikin purest siffan. Ko ta wani hanya, kusan kowane misali zai gudanar da kananan siffofin na sauran. Wannan shi ne saboda biyu, zuwa ga ci gaba na, kuma tare da kusa hulda da harsuna a duniya a yau da babban yawan bashin da kuma yin burbushi.

ci gaban harsunan da

Don da yawa shekarun da suka gabata, masu bincike theorize game da abin da iri to la'akari da more zamani da kuma nagartaccen. Duk da haka, babu wani gagarumin ci gaba a cikin wannan shugabanci ne ba tukuna. Gaskiyar ita ce, a aiwatar da ci gaban da harshe iya canza typology, wani lokacin ma sau da yawa. Wannan shi ne a wasu nufi da dalilin da cewa a cikin rarrabuwa ba har kusan rabin karni.

Duk da haka, wannan topic kanta sosai nishadi, da kuma na zamani harsuna yayi yawa related theories:

• Convergent juyin halitta. An zaci cewa kowane harshe tasowa ta da kansa dokoki, nemowa da rasa da daban-daban siffofin da wanda shi za a iya dangana a daban-daban. A wannan misalin da daidaituwa da sauran adverbs sau da yawa mai haɗari.
• Karkace juyin halitta. An yi imani da cewa kowane agglutinative harshen ƙarshe ya jũya zuwa ga inflection. Sa'an nan kuma ya hankali rasa, shi an canza kama zuwa wani insulating irin. Bayan da cewa harshen sake a daya nau'i ko wata ya koma zuwa agglutination.