Gentry - abin da yake da wannan. Wane ne wannan da mutum? A takaice dai tarihi na gentry

Fans of tarihi Romanov Genrika Senkevicha ya sha nanata sadu da su irin wannan abu a matsayin "gentry". Ma'anar wannan, duk da haka, ba ko da yaushe bayyana daga mahallin. Bari mu sani cewa wannan wata suna, da kuma dubi cikin tarihin sabon abu, da ake kira da wannan sunan.

Mene ne kalmar nan "gentry"

Wannan lokaci da aka yi amfani da Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth da aka kira da daraja aji.

A gaskiya, shi ne wani suna za a iya daukan synonymous da Kalmar "sani", "nobility". A wannan yanayin, da gentry - shi ne na musamman sabon abu, hali na Yaren mutanen Poland al'ada. Bugu da kari, shi ya wanzu a kasashen makwabta (Czech Republic, Slovakia) da waɗanda wanda ƙasar ne a baya kasance wani ɓangare na Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine).

etymology

A Rasha kalmar "gentry" da aka kafa daga suna Polish szlachta. Yana, bi da bi, shi ne wata ila don an kafa daga Jamus kalma Schlacht (a yaƙi, wani yaki).

version ne ma kowa cewa "progenitor" "nobility" sun tsufa Jamus kalma Slacht, ma'ana 'irin, irin. "

Wanne daga cikin wadannan theories daidai ne - shi ne ba a sani ba. Musamman cewa na farko da shaida daga cikin etymology na kalmar a tambaya ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin XV karni. A wannan yanayin, mas'ala ta taso domin a kalla 4 ƙarni a baya.

Wane ne mutum

Idan gentry - shi ne da na kowa sunan aristocracy, mutum wakilin aka kira da "bafadan" ko "shlyahtyanka" (idan ta kasance wata mace daga daraja haihuwa).

Da farko (a cikin tsawon wanzuwar Mulkin Poland) samun nobility talakawa mutane iya m for Soja yabo (af, Saboda haka asalin kalmar). Saboda haka, a cikin farkon ƙarni na Yaren mutanen Poland manyansu sun kama a rawar da suka taka zuwa Turai Knights.

A kwanan nan more sau zama bafadan zama fiye da wuya, duk da ɗaukaka da exploits a fagen yaƙi. A wannan yanayin, domin kusan dukan tarihin gentry zuwa cikin wakilan da alhakin tsaro na kasar.

A cewar Yaren mutanen Poland masana tarihi, a cikin XVI-XVIII ƙarni. akwai fiye da dozin iri na gentry. Sun kasu kashi daban-daban Categories: a kan tsufa, dũkiya, gaban ko babu alama, ko ƙasar manoma da asalin, wurin zama, da dai sauransu ...

Duk da yawa irin nobility - shi ne ko da yaushe Elite al'umma. Saboda haka, ko mafi talauci landless gentry da mafi 'yancin da kuma gata fiye da mafi m commoner.

Tun da yawa daga cikin nobility na Commonwealth sun matalauta, da babban arziki da kowane aristocrat ya masa mutunci i godnośc (girmamãwa). Kare su, ko da matalauta mutum zai kalubalanci m bafadan.

Akwai kuskure ne cewa duk manya kasance dole Katolika. Wannan shi ne wani labari, amma tambaya na addini yana da matukar muhimmanci ga Commonwealth, daga cikin nobility akwai wakilai daga daban-daban Kirista ƙungiyõyi.

A labarin da nobility

Bayan gani, abin da kalmar "gentry", ya kamata ka kula da tarihin wannan sabon abu.

A farko Knights manya bayyana a cikin XI karni. Kamar yadda riga aka ambata a sama, da daraja suna suka samu domin soja sabis. Abin sha'awa, a waɗannan kwanaki, kowa zai iya kai ga soja sami Jaruman Nasara. Kuma wannan mulki ya shafi har zuwa bayi.

Godiya ga wannan manufar a XI karni. wata babbar lamba na manya da ba su da dasu ba na makamai da kuma ƙasar kasancewa a cikin jama'a kula.

Tun a XII. gentry - wani komai a fili estate. Daga wannan lokaci da Polish manya hankali fara latsa saukar karkashin gudanar da duk duniyoyin da jama'a rayuwa. Saboda haka don samun ƙasar, sai suka kasance 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kusan bautar manoma, tauye yankunan karkara, na kai-management, da kuma gabatar da serfdom.

A halin da ake ciki tare da yawan jama'a na birnin da aka ba yawa mafi alhẽri. Kamar yadda burgers cikin lumana mutane, ba da hannu a cikin m soja rikice-rikice, manyansu hana su hakkin ya mallaki ƙasar. Har ila yau, manya kullum levied haraji a kan birane mazauna da kuma kuna aikin tsoma baki a duk harkokinsu. Saboda wannan, a jihar masana'antu da wuya ci gaba.

Golden 'yanci

Bayan aikatã game da ma'anar "gentry" da "bafadan", daraja koyo game da irin wannan ra'ayi kamar yadda "gentry dimokuradiyya" ko Złota Wolność (Golden Liberty).

Jigon da tsarin siyasa (wanda aka kafa a cikin Mulkin Poland sa'an nan suka watsu cikin Rzeczpospolita) shi ne cewa kusan kowane bafadan halarci gwamnati.

Ko da yake a hukumance a kasar da aka karkashin jagorancin sarki, shi ne kawai daya a nahiyar Turai, an zabe. Kuma ance rage cin abinci (majalisa kunsha na arziki gentry, kama wani zamani majalisar dattawan Amurka a cikin tsarin), da kuma wurin sarki zai iya da'awar kusan duk m manya, ko da kuwa da irin tsufa.

Sarkin Poland, aka zaba domin rayuwa, amma nobility yana da ikon ya tãyar da mai tayarwa gāba da shi (rokosz) kuma matsar da maras so daga mukaminshi. Bugu da kari, kowane memba na Diet da dama na kujerar naƙi, don haka mafi yawan dokokin a Commonwealth bai dauki sarki da nobility.

Duk da m yanayi, Golden Liberty ma yana da wani mummunan gefe. Alal misali, m jayayya da gwagwarmaya na wealthiest manya domin iko. A saboda wannan dalili, a karshen da XVIII karni. kasar da aka haka ya raunana da aka cinye ta da yaki da uku makwabtan jihohin: Rasha Empire, Prussia da kuma Austria.

The ƙi, kuma bacewar na nobility matsayin aji

Bayan Rzeczpospolita daina wanzuwa a cikin XVIII karni., A babban ɓangare na da ƙasa aka mulki ta Rasha Empire. A sabon hukumomin samu shi dole equalize da Rasha gentry nobility. Amma ya juya waje cewa Yaren mutanen Poland nobility ya mai yawa (game da 7% na jimlar yawan Poland, yayin da a Rasha - 1%).

Don rage adadin, a ko'ina cikin XIX karni. a cikin Empire gabatar daban-daban hana dokokin bukata tabbaci na gentry irin na zamanin d daftarin aiki. Duk da haka, ya tattara dukan zama dole bayani iya ba duk manya. Saboda wannan, kusan rabin su aka canjawa wuri zuwa category na commoners.

Wannan qin jini siyasa ya gudummawar da yawa tawayen, wanda kawai exacerbates halin da ake ciki na tsohon nobility.

Bayan abubuwan da suka faru na 1917 a cikin ƙasa na tsohon Rasha Empire da Commonwealth sun yunkurin mayar da tsada kamar yadda wani aji da kuma komawa zuwa ta tsohon hakkoki da abubuwan da yanci ya. Duk da haka, shi ya kasance ba zai yiwu a cimma wannan, da kuma a 1921 na karshe gentry gata a Poland, Ukraine da kuma Yammacin Belarus da aka shafe, kazalika da aji kanta.