ACT - yana da ... Basic aiki software. By da tsarin software hada da

Computers - mu muhimmi rayuwa sahabbai ga na biyu shekaru goma. Su taimakawa mutane da fun da kuma aiki, sadarwa tare da abokai a duk faɗin duniya. Abin baƙin ciki, ba dukkan masu amfani da ake a halin yanzu aiki ka'idojin da kwamfuta.

A musamman, da suka wuya tunani game da muhimmancin bude Madogararsa software. Wannan tsarin software. Abin da ake nufi da wannan ra'ayi da kuma abin da ke da muhimmancin da wadannan shirye-shirye? Watsuwar wannan batu da kuma batun wannan labarin. Bugu da kari, za mu yi la'akari da halin yanzu kwanan tsarin software rarrabuwa.

Wajibi ne a san ko da talakawa masu amfani, kamar yadda a lokacin da karanta wasu m articles su sau da yawa ba zai iya fahimci ainihin yadda aka rubuta. Sai ya faru kamar guda saboda jahilci da na kowa terminology. Ya kamata a lura da cewa shi ne sau da yawa wani murdiya na zunubi ko da qware albarkatu.

Gabatarwa ga

Tarihi, mun yi amfani da duk na shirin kasu kashi biyu azuzuwan:

• Tsarin aikace-aikace (ACT - ne kafuwar wani tsarin aiki).
• Aikace-aikace da shirye-shirye.

Akwai wani aji na musamman warai aikace-aikace software, amma a rayuwar yau da kullum da shi da kuma same kawai fasahar developers.

Domin aikace-aikace don hada da ofishin aikace-aikace, software don samar da gyara images, kazalika da sauran kudi daga wanda kowannenmu yana da magance a kullum. Ba shi da wuya a tsammani cewa wannan aji ne ya fi kowa, kuma da yawa.

Abin da aka kunshe a cikin ra'ayi na bude Madogararsa software? Wannan shirin tsara don sarrafa DBMS (database) tsara don hulda tsakanin mai amfani da kwamfuta (DE - hoto membranes), kazalika da musamman tsarin karba da sarrafa bayanai. Recent amfani (musamman) a kan jirgin, kuma fama motocin.

Drivers, da dai sauransu

Sau da yawa sosai ware tsarin dakunan karatu da kuma na'urar direbobi ga manufar da aka nufa a wata hanya daban-daban daga ACT. Wannan yana nufin cewa su yi la'akari da su dabam ya sa hankalta.

Saboda haka, tsarin software (System Software) za a iya kira a sa na shirye-shirye da kuma musaya da cewa ana amfani da su iko da kuma kwamfuta adam hulda. Su babban manufar - to fassarar inji kayayyakin aiki, don nuna da kuma bincika a mafi saba mana duk rubutu ko hoto form. Abun da ke ciki STR (aiyuka sabanin utilities) kusan ba ya dogara ne a kan takamaiman matsaloli warware ta cikin kwamfuta mai amfani.

Ya iya tsara shi a gida, ko watakila wani yini guda don su zauna a social networks. A kowane hali, da kwamfuta software ya bambanta da cika fuska, yayin da abun da ke ciki na tsarin aikace-aikace shigarsu babu canji.

Menene tsarin software

Kuma yanzu mu bincika daki-daki, da nada irin wannan shirye-shirye. Saboda haka su main ayyuka:

• Sun haifar da wani yanayi a cikin abin da aikace-aikace da gudu mai amfani (OS).
• Samar da simplification da kuma aiki da kai daga cin gaban sabuwar aikace-aikace.
• Kara da daidaito da kuma yadda ya dace da sadarwa tsakanin kwakwalwa a cikin gida da kuma duniya networks.
• Gane asali (da kuma gyara) da daban-daban programmatic kasawa.
• Alhakin yin karin ayyukan (up, archiving, canja wurin bayanai).

Haka kuma, ba kwamfuta aiki ba tare da free software iya ba, bisa manufa, kamar yadda har ma da mafi m tsarin aiki - kuma a kewayon gwani aikace-aikace. Maintenance na wadannan shirye-shirye zai iya kawai magance m masu amfani, da kuma ci gaban - kawai mafi kyau shirye-shirye, wanda a wasu lokuta bukatar sani da na'ura harshen shirye-shirye (irin kwararru a duniya a general raka'a). A takaice, don ƙirƙirar nasu OS a m kadaici da ka kawai zai yi aiki ba.

Basic ilmi da basira

Duk da ganewar da irin wannan shirye-shirye, ko da talakawa masu amfani da bukatar gane yanayin aikinsu, kamar yadda rinjayar da yawan aiki na da hulda da kwamfuta. Alal misali, ba da sanin game da aikin shirye-shirye na da akida cewa sarrafa rubuce-rubuce da kuma karanta bayanai daga faifai surface, ba za ka iya format wuya faifai, dangane da irin bayanan da nufin ci gaba da shi.

Kamar yadda muka riga ce, su aikace-aikace ne na tsari a cikin yanayi, wanda ba ya canza kusan ba. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ci gaban da bude Madogararsa software aka gabatar musamman stringent bukatun.

Nau'in tsarin software

A bisa ga al'ada a cikin wannan aji suna da wadannan software versions:

• Control aka gyara.
• kima aka gyara, da aiki da yada bayanai.

Yadda sauki fahimta, iko shirye-shirye suna aiki babban matakai ta hanyar kyale duk na'urorin zuwa aiki daidai kwamfutarka. Su main ayyuka ne kamar haka:

• Direct iko da dukkan masu aiki da ikon da tsarin.
• Aiki tare da bayanai da ake bukata domin ta aiki.

Mafi sau da yawa, wadannan kayayyakin ne kullum a cikin kwamfuta ta ƙwaƙwalwar. Ciki wani mazaunin na'urorin kafa ainihin OS. Idan iko da shirye-shirye, waxanda suke da zama dole don gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyukan, suna labta cikin memory nan da nan kafin aiki, suna kira sufuri (tsallakawa). A cikin wani hali, yau da wadannan kayan aikin suna samuwa ne kawai a matsayin bangare na biyu na tsarin aiki da kuma direbobi a cikin nau'i na dakunan karatu.

A bambanci, da shirin ga bayanai aiki gudu dabam. Mafi sau da yawa, suna tsĩrar a cikin shigarwa kunshin na amfani da aikace-aikace. Af, mai sakawa (da Windows sakawa, misali) ma tana nufin tsarin software.

Wani version na rarrabuwa

Sau da yawa sosai, masana sun ce kwamfuta software kamata a raba asali da kuma sabis. By tushe ne waɗanda shirye-shirye da samar da sosai aiki na kwamfuta. Haka kuma, a tsarin software sun hada da:

• Own Tsarukan aiki da direbobi a cikin abun da ke ciki.
• Konkoma karãtunsa fãtun (DE) da kuma sauran kafofin watsa labarai ga aiwatar da shirye-shirye.
• Fayil Managers.

OS a matsayin sa na bude Madogararsa software

Muna ci gaba da duba tsarin software. Tsarukan ne wani ɓangare daga gare ta.

A general, da OS kanta za a iya wakilta a matsayin mai sa na software shirye-shirye da suke da alhakin mai karɓa, aiki, da yin amfani da bayanai da kuma iko da dukkan tsarin na'urorin. A daya hannun, da tsarin aiki abubuwa a matsayin "spacer" tsakanin mai amfani da kwamfuta, a daya hannun, shi ne alhakin kamar yadda zai yiwu da tasiri amfani da duka biyu software da kuma hardware ciko da karshen.

A cikin wallafe-wallafe, da tsarin aiki ana kuma kiransa asali tsarin software. Me soma wannan terminology, mu yi la'akari da kasa.

Fayil Management - wani muhimmanci aiki na ACT

Fayil manajoji aka tsara don dama mai sauki ga jiki data a kan Disc, don nuna su a zana misali. Saboda haka, za su iya kawai amfani da ma'ana sunan fayil, maimakon ta kai tsaye wuri a kan rumbunka.

Muhimmanci! Fayil da kuma tsarin fayil manajoji da kansu ba su wanzu, saboda ana ci gaba ga takamaiman Tsarukan aiki da kuma mafita ga wasu matsaloli. Saboda haka, wasu daga cikin masana sun yarda cewa ka tsarin software da kuma hada wadannan aikace-aikace.

Amma akwai wasu abubuwa da cewa sanin da hali to irin wannan shirin cikin sharuddan m bayanai management kayayyakin:

• Mutane da yawa Tsarukan aiki da (kuma na dogon lokaci da kuma kusan duk) na iya zama lokaci guda (!) Don aiki tare da kusan dukkan fayil tsarin.
• Wasu m (amma har yanzu aiki) tsarin iya yi ba tare da wadannan aikace-aikace.

Mene ne ACT sabis

Wannan category hada da shirye-shirye da muhimmanci mika damar da ACT shirin, sa shi more dace domin karshen mai amfani. Su kuma za a iya classified, da kuma samun mai yawa da maki:

• Na'ura direbobi suna ba aza a cikin tsarin aiki a mataki na halittarsa.
• Kwamfuta shirye-shirye kai-ganewar asali, wanda gusar da bukatar mai amfani don nemo hanyar kurakurai da kuma kasawa.
• Oddly isa, amma da anti-virus software kuma ya yi daidai da definition "sabis". Ka lura da cewa shi ya ba da yaushe.
• Aikace-aikace na sabis tafiyarwa ba ka damar kwafa da kuma Rumbun bayanan, har abada share ko mayar da fayilolin bayanai don inganta aiwatar da rikodi da Disc.
• Gina-a madadin shirin significantly rage shagaltar da sarari bayanai.
• Mai amfani ga manajan cibiyar sadarwa albarkatun da kuma cibiyar sadarwa da kanta.

Sau da yawa wannan aji na shirye-shirye da ake kira tsarin utilities. Kamar lura cewa riga-kafi shirye-shirye ba kira. Yau, sanannun hanyoyi daga Symantec, Touch Stone, kazalika da sauran manyan kamfanonin da cewa samar da software. Nau'in na software don wasu daga cikin lokuta mu sake nazari, amma kasance warware matsalar ba da dama tambayoyi.

ACT aiki tare da cibiyar sadarwa ladabi

Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wadannan tsarin aikace-aikace ne da alhakin damar yin amfani da yanar gizo. Lura cewa duk da wadannan sharuddan shafi more wa waɗanda tsarin da aka tsara don yin wasu takamaiman ayyuka (mail server fayil uwar garken). Don sabunta software na wannan tsari, sau da yawa da wajen samar da sabon juyi na Tsarukan aiki da.

A key zuwa fahimtar aikin na dukan algorithm ne na musamman uwar garke shirin cewa ya yarda da buƙatun daga cibiyar sadarwa da kuma kanta aika da amsoshin. Kayan more rayuwa da aka tsara don aika buƙatun, ya kira abokan ciniki. Lura cewa request ne ya aiko a cikin wani nau'i na daidaita format, wanda sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin yarjejeniya. Amsar kuma aika a matsayin fayil na wani format cewa ya ƙunshi dukan zama dole bayani (fakiti).

Af, IE, Firefox, Opera da kuma Google Chrome - guda abokan ciniki, wanda da su ne bisa ka'ida cewa kawai saita fita.

Shirye-shirye da yanayi da kuma aiwatar da shirye-shirye

Wadannan shirye-shirye da dangantaka da takamaiman wajen, amma da tushen fahimtar su ne ma zama dole, saboda ba tare da wannan ba shi yiwuwa a fahimci ka'idojin aiki na tsarin aiki da kwamfuta in general. Suna bukatar, ba kawai don ƙirƙirar, amma kuma a cire kuskure da kuma kaddamar da aikace-aikace.

Masana sun ce cewa a cikin wannan harka a tsarin software ya hada da:

• Yana nufin domin bugawa da kuma tace rubutu.
• Fassara ko fassara (for bayyana harshe).
• A linker, kuma ake kira da linker.
• Debuggers.
• Cikakken aikace-aikace dakunan karatu domin gudanar da shirin.

Lura cewa aikace-aikace da aka halitta (tare da m ware) a karkashin wani wasu OS. Amma da tsarin kayayyakin aiki da aka tsara don ci gaba da su, zai iya aiki a wani mabanbanta tsarin (ga wannan kuma bukatar wasu tsarin dakunan karatu). Wannan yana da muhimmanci sosai, saboda ba su takura kansu developers a zabar fi so tsarin ga aiki.

Menene fassara

Tun da wannan definition ne a fili ba ga kowa da kowa, dubi wannan batun a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Wannan shi ne wani muhimmin ra'ayi tana nufin wani shirin cewa fassara shirye-shirye da harshen cewa shi ne m ga mutane, a cikin na'ura harshe. Hakika, inji harshe za a iya gane da mutum, amma wadannan kwararru a duniya naúrar. A shirin da kanta aka rubuta a cikin wani shirye-shirye da harshen, da ake kira tushen koyaushe. Object module kira baseline bayanai harhada domin kara yin amfani da inji. A tsarin wannan module kunshi da rubutu na shirin da aka riga aka fassara a cikin na'ura harshe, kazalika da sauran bayanai zama dole domin ta daidai aiki da debugging.

Duk aikace-aikacen da wannan aji ya kasu kashi compilers kuma juyi. A farko nan da nan fassara tushen rubutun zuwa inji koyaushe. The fassara ba kawai aikin jigilar, amma sai yayi kokarin gwada shirin. A wannan hasashe, yana daya babbar drawback: da jinkirin aiwatar da shirin. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa yin amfani da irin wannan nufin kawai daga cikin sauki da kuma mafi m harsuna, wanda ake amfani da koyar da kayan yau da kullum na shirye-shirye.

Linker, ko linker, aka tsunduma a cikin aiki na abu kayayyaki a cikin taya abubuwa. Kowace daga cikinsu sun riga sun iya iya koma cikin memory da hukuncin kisa.

Debugger, da sauran aka gyara

A debugger aikin wani muhimmanci aiki, kamar yadda shi damar don sarrafa shirin kwarara, a lokaci guda neman kurakurai a cikinsa. A ta asali fasalin sa ya hada da:

• Don taka ta hanyar da aka yi wa lodi abu module, tare da m kiwo sakamakon.
• Tsaya a qaddara ne da maki na developer.
• Idan akwai irin wannan bukatar, da debugger iya gaba daya dakatar da shirin a wata qaddara batu.
• Nuna dukkan canji amfani.

binciken

Saboda haka, bari mu takaice. Sai dai itace cewa da wadannan abubuwa suna kunshe a cikin tsarin software:

• Kai tsaye zuwa OS (tsarin aiki).
• Konkoma karãtunsa fãtun (DE) da kuma shirin aiwatar da yanayi.
• Fayil manajoji, da kuma sauran fayil management kayan aiki.
• Developer Tools.
• All cibiyar sadarwa kayan aikin.
• Wasu aikace-aikace.

A nan mun yi nazari a kan tsarin da tsarin software.